Extended-protected article

Gaza–Israel conflict

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the broad conflict ongoing since 2006. For the fighting that took place in July and August 2014, see 2014 Gaza War.

Gaza–Israel conflict
Part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, the spillover of the Sinai insurgency and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict
Maps of Israel and Gaza
Maps of Israel and Gaza
Date28 June 2006 – ongoing
(16 years, 5 months, 3 weeks and 4 days)
Location
Status General cease-fire between Israel and Hamas (from 2014) punctuated by sporadic clashes between the IDF and Palestinian militant organizations.
Belligerents

 Israel

Supported by:

 Gaza Strip

Supported by:

Supported by:

Salafi jihadists

Islamic State Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

Commanders and leaders
Israel Ehud Olmert (2006–2009)
Israel Ehud Barak (2006–2013)
Israel Gabi Ashkenazi (2006–2011)
Israel Benny Gantz (2006–2015)
Israel Benjamin Netanyahu (2009–2021)
Israel Naftali Bennett (2021–)		 Khaled Mashal[15]
Ismail Haniyeh
Said Seyam †
Mohammed Deif
Abu Z. al-Jamal †
Ahmed Jabari †
Tawfik Jaber †[16]
Osama Mazini
Nizar Rayan †[16]
Mahmoud al-Zahar
Ramadan Shalah
Abd Al Aziz Awda
Ayman al-Fayed †
Ayman al-Shashniya
Zuhir al-Qaisi †
Imad Hammad †

Abdallah al-Ashqar
Mumtaz Dughmush
Mohammad Namnam †
Islam Yassif †
Hisham Al-Saedni †
Ashraf al-Sabah †
Abdel Latif Moussa †
Mahmoud Taleb (POW)

Islamic State Abu Ayna Al-Ansari
Islamic State Yunis Hunnar †
Islamic State Yussef al-Hatar †
Casualties and losses
185 killed[17][18] ~3,476 killed[19][20]
~15,000 wounded

The Gaza–Israel conflict is a part of the localized Israeli–Palestinian conflict, but is also a scene of power struggle between regional powers including Egypt, Iran and Turkey together with Qatar, supporting different sides of the conflict in light of the regional standoff between Iran and Saudi Arabia[21] on one hand and between Qatar and Saudi Arabia on the other, as well as crisis in Egyptian-Turkish relations.[22]

The conflict originated with the election of the Islamist political party Hamas in 2005[23] and 2006[24] in the Gaza Strip and escalated with the split of the Palestinian Authority Palestinian government into the Fatah government in the West Bank and the Hamas government in Gaza and the following violent ousting of Fatah after Fatah lost the election to Hamas. Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel,[25] Israeli airstrikes on Gaza, and the joint Egyptian-Israeli blockade of Gaza have exacerbated the conflict. The international community considers indiscriminate attacks on civilians and civilian structures that do not discriminate between civilians and military targets illegal under international law.[26][27]

As part of its 2005 disengagement plan, Israel retained exclusive control over Gaza's airspace and territorial waters, continued to patrol and monitor the external land perimeter of the Gaza Strip, with the exception of its southernmost border (where Egypt retained control of the border and border crossings were supervised by European monitors) and continued to monitor and blockade Gaza's coastline. Israel largely provides and controls Gaza's water supply, electricity and communications infrastructure.[28][29] According to Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, Israel remains an occupying power under international law.[30] The United Nations has stated that under resolutions of both the General Assembly and the Security Council, it regards Gaza to be part of the "Occupied Palestinian Territories".[31] Meanwhile, the Fatah government in the West Bank, internationally recognized as the sole representative of the State of Palestine, refers to the Gaza Strip as part of the Palestinian state and does not recognize the Hamas government.

Background

Main article: Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Israel–Gaza barrier

Main article: Israel–Gaza barrier

The Israel–Gaza barrier, completed in 1996, has helped reduce infiltration from Gaza Strip into Israel.[citation needed] Since the beginning of the Second Intifada, Gazans have not been permitted to enter Israel for work purposes. Special permits to enter Israel for medical purposes were also greatly reduced,[citation needed] which has made travel for Palestinians difficult.[32]

Daniel Schueftan, in his 1999 book, Disengagement: Israel and the Palestinian Entity[33][34] ("The Need for Separation: Israel and the Palestinian Authority") reviews new and existing arguments underlying different separation stances, in order to make the case for separation from the Palestinians, beginning with those in the West Bank and Gaza. Schueftan favors the "hard separation" stances of politicians like Yitzhak Rabin and Ehud Barak.[34]

Yitzhak Rabin was the first to propose the creation of a physical barrier between the Israeli and Palestinian populations in 1992, and by 1994, construction on the first barrier – the Israel–Gaza barrier – had begun; it is actually a wire fence equipped with sensors. Following an attack on Bet Lid, near the city of Netanya, Rabin specified the objectives behind the undertaking, stating that:

This path must lead to a separation, though not according to the borders prior to 1967. We want to reach a separation between us and them. We do not want majority of the Jewish residents of the state of Israel, 98% of whom live within the borders of sovereign Israel, including a united Jerusalem, to be subject to terrorism."[35][36]

Second Intifada

Main article: Second Intifada

The Second Intifada, also known as the al-Aqsa Intifada, began in September 2000. Many Palestinians consider the Intifada to be a struggle of national liberation against Israeli occupation imposed on them following the 1967 War, whereas many Israelis consider it to be a terrorist campaign.[citation needed]

Palestinian tactics have ranged from carrying out mass protests and general strikes, as in the First Intifada, to mounting suicide bombing attacks and firing Qassam rockets into east southern Israeli residential areas. Israeli tactics range from conducting mass arrests and locking up Palestinians in administrative detention through setting up checkpoints and building the Israeli Gaza Strip barrier and West Bank barrier to carrying out assassinations targeting militants and leaders of Palestinian organizations.

The Israeli Air Force (IAF) AH-64 Apache were used as platform for shooting guided missiles at Palestinian targets and employed at the targeted killings policy against both militants and political leaders.

Since the 2006 Palestinian legislative election, Israel has been negotiating with Mahmoud Abbas and the PLO, but has been simultaneously targeting and bombing Hamas activists and militants and arresting Hamas's elected legislative counsel politicians.

The death toll, both military and civilian, over the entire period in question (2000–2007) is estimated to be over 4,300 Palestinians and over 1,000 Israelis. To date, 64 foreign citizens have also been killed (54 by Palestinians, and 10 by Israeli security forces).[37]

Israel's unilateral disengagement

Main article: Israeli disengagement from Gaza

Israel implemented its Disengagement Plan in August–September 2005, withdrawing its civilian and military presence from the Gaza Strip, and retaining control over the Gaza airspace, maritime access and borders even with Egypt according to the 2005 agreement with Palestinian authority. Qassam rockets were fired regularly prior to the Israeli disengagement and the frequency of Qassam attacks increased after the Disengagement from Gaza. Palestinian militants have targeted a number of military bases and civilian towns in Southern Israel.[38]

Since 2001, Palestinian militants have launched thousands of rocket and mortar attacks on Israel from the Gaza Strip.[39] Thirteen Israelis have been killed and hundreds injured as a result of Qassam rocket fire at Israeli targets. Additionally, Qassam rocket attacks have resulted in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in both children and adults, with 33% of children living in Sderot suffering from PTSD.[40][41]

Ascendancy of Hamas

Main article: Fatah-Hamas conflict

When the Islamic party Hamas won the January 2006 Palestinian legislative election, gaining a majority of seats in the Palestinian Legislative Council,[24] the conflict between Israel and Gaza intensified. Israel sealed its border with the Gaza Strip, largely preventing free flow of people and many imports and exports. Palestinians have been shooting Qassam rockets at Israeli settlements located near the Gaza borders, and have staged cross-border raids aimed at killing or capturing Israeli soldiers. In one such raid, on 25 June 2006, Palestinians captured Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit, leading to massive retaliation by the Israeli army which included air strikes against Hamas targets.

In June 2007, internal fighting broke out between Hamas and Fatah and Hamas fully consolidated its power by staging an armed coup d'état and taking control of the Gaza Strip. Following the internecine fighting that occurred between 7 and 15 June 2007, also known as the Battle of Gaza 2007 in which 118 Palestinians were killed and over 550 were wounded,[42] the entire Gaza Strip came under full control of a Hamas government.

As a response to the Hamas takeover, Israel sharply restricted the flow of people and goods into and out of Gaza. About 70% of Gaza's workforce have become unemployed or without pay, and about 80% of its residents live in poverty.[43]

Since Hamas' takeover, Palestinian armed groups in Gaza and Israel continued to clash. Palestinian armed groups have fired rockets into Israel, killing Israeli civilians, including children, and wounding others, as well as causing damage to infrastructure; and Israel have launched attacks, and shelled Gaza with artillery, killing Palestinian combatants as well as civilians, including children,[44][45][46] and causing devastating damage to infrastructure.[47] According to Human Rights Watch, the Palestinian deliberate attacks against civilians violate international humanitarian law. Because Hamas exercises power inside Gaza, it is responsible for stopping unlawful attacks even when carried out by other groups.[48]

Timeline

Main articles: Lists of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel and Military operations of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Beginning of conflict (2006)

Main articles: 2006 Hamas cross-border raid, Operation Summer Rains, and Operation Autumn Clouds (2006)

Large-scale conventional warfare beyond the peripheries of the Gaza Strip began when Palestinian militants abducted Corporal Gilad Shalit, and Israel responded by launching Operation "Summer Rains" on 28 June 2006. The operation became the first major mobilization within the Gaza Strip since Israel unilaterally disengaged from the region between August and September 2005.

The Gaza beach blast was an event on 9 June 2006 in which eight Palestinians were killed – including nearly the entire family of seven-year-old Huda Ghaliya – and at least thirty others were injured in an explosion on a beach near the municipality of Beit Lahia in the Gaza Strip.[49] The incident received considerable attention from news media worldwide, with blame for the explosion hotly disputed in the following weeks.

Israel maintains that it mobilized thousands of troops in order to suppress Qassam rocket fire against its civilian population and to secure the release of Gilad Shalit. It is estimated that between 7,000 and 9,000 Israeli artillery shells were fired into Gaza between September 2005 and June 2006, killing 80 Palestinians in 6 months.[50] On the Palestinian side, over 1,300 Qassam rockets have been fired into Israel from September 2000 to 21 December 2006.[citation needed] Israeli forces also continued to search for tunnels, used by militants to smuggle weapons, as well as monitor operations at checkpoints (with some assistance from the European Union at Rafah) for security reasons, specifically possible weapons transfers and uninhibited return of exiled extremist leaders and terrorists.[51][52][53][54][55] As of 18 October 2006, Israel has discovered 20 tunnels used for illegal arms smuggling under the border of the Gaza Strip and Egypt.[56]

Israel had said it would withdraw from the Strip and end the operation as soon as Shalit was released.[57] The Palestinians had said that they were willing to return Shalit in exchange for the release of some of the Palestinians held in Israeli jails. The Palestinians and others have also said the assault was aimed at toppling the democratically elected Hamas-led government and at destabilizing the Palestinian National Authority, citing the targeting of civilian infrastructure such as a power station and the captures of government and parliament members. Some 300 Palestinians had been targeted by the IDF in the Gaza Strip since the kidnapping of Corporal Gilad Shalit.[58]

In July 2006, first reports emerged about mystery injuries after Israeli attacks. Previously unseen injuries included severely damaged internal organs, severe internal burning and deep internal wounds often resulting in amputations or death. Bodies arrived severely fragmented, melted and disfigured. There were speculations about a new experimental weapon, particularly Dense inert metal explosives (DIMEs).[59]

Attempting to curb Qassam rocket attacks fired at Southern Israel by Palestinian militants from the northern Gaza Strip, Israel launched Operation "Autumn Clouds" on 1 November 2006.

On 8 November 2006, a day after Israel's withdrawal following Operation "Autumn Clouds," Israel Defense Forces shells missed their target—possibly due to a "technical malfunction"—and hit a row of houses in the Gaza Strip town of Beit Hanoun,[60] killing 19 Palestinians and wounding more than 40.[61][62] Israeli Defense Forces launched an investigation into the Beit Hanoun November 2006 incident (and later apologized for the incident), and the then Israeli President Ehud Olmert offered humanitarian assistance to those affected.[63]

The 2006 Franco–Italian–Spanish Middle East Peace Plan was proposed after Israel invaded the Gaza Strip in Operation "Autumn Clouds" by Spanish Premier José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero during talks with French president Jacques Chirac. Italy's prime minister Romano Prodi gave his full support to the plan.

On 26 November, a ceasefire was signed by Palestinian organisations and Israel, and Israel withdrew its troops while the Palestinian Authority forces deployed to stop Qassam rocket launchings. Following the truce over 60 Qassam rockets were fired from the Gaza Strip at Israel, and 1 Palestinian (armed with guns and grenades) was killed by the IDF. On 19 December, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad began taking open responsibility for the Qassam rocket firing, because they said Israel killed two of their members in Jenin.[64][65][66]

Fatah-Hamas conflict and Israeli blockade

Main article: Battle of Gaza (2007)

A series of battles between Palestinian militants in Hamas-governed Gaza and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) that began in mid-May 2007, with the inter-Palestinian violence flaring in the meantime. Palestinians fired more than 220 Qassam rocket attacks on Israel (Sderot and the western Negev) in more than a week. The Israeli Air Force fired missiles and bombs at the launching sites. The fighting came amid serious Palestinian factional violence and reports of growing level of humanitarian crisis in the region.[67] Hamas said they will continue to retaliate against Israeli strikes.

In September 2007, citing an intensification of Qassam rocket attacks, Israel declared Gaza "hostile territory." The declaration allowed Israel to prevent the transfer of electricity, fuel, and other supplies into Gaza. The stated purpose of this blockade was to pressure Hamas into ending the rocket attacks and to deprive them of the supplies necessary for the continuation of rocket attacks.[68][69][70][71] Israel's decision to cut fuel supplies to Gaza were widely condemned as "collective punishment."[72][73][74]

Israel has also arrested Hamas officials in the West Bank, including two cabinet members. Such arrests have been strongly condemned by international organizations and politicians.[75][76][77][78]

By January 2008, according to a United Nations study, the economic effects of Israel's blockade on Gaza reached a critical threshold. Finally, on 17 January 2008, Israel sealed the border completely following a rise in rocket attacks. The breach of the Gaza-Egypt border began on 23 January 2008, after gunmen in the Gaza Strip set off an explosion near the Rafah Border Crossing, destroying part of the former Israeli Gaza Strip barrier. The United Nations estimates that as many as half the 1.5 million population of the Gaza Strip crossed the border into Egypt seeking food and supplies.[citation needed]

Operation "Hot Winter"

Main article: Operation Hot Winter

On 27 February 2008, Palestinian militants fired more than 40 Qassam rockets into southern Israel and the Israeli army fired three missiles at the Palestinian Interior Ministry in Gaza destroying the building.[79] On 28 February 2008 Israeli aircraft bombed a police station near the Gaza City home of Hamas leader Ismail Haniya, killing several children.[80] The Israeli military says its air and ground operations against militants firing rockets from northern Gaza have hit at least 23 armed Palestinians, while Palestinian sources have reported higher death tolls and say many civilians have also been killed.[81]

Israel began its air and ground operations on 29 February.[82] The IDF's offensive in Gaza has killed more than 100 Palestinians in less than a week.[83] Palestinians fired 150 rockets at Israel which killed three Israelis.[82] The United States called for an end to clashes between Israel and the Palestinians.[84] The Palestinian president, Mahmoud Abbas, has accused Israel of "international terrorism", saying its assault on Gaza constitutes "more than a holocaust."[85] On 3 March Abbas suspended all contact with Israel over its assault on Gaza as the Israeli government sent warplanes to hit more targets early on Monday and vowed to continue its offensive.[86] The European Union condemned what it called "disproportionate use of force" by the Israeli military in Gaza after 54 Palestinians were killed in the highest casualty toll for a single day since fighting erupted in 2000.[87] United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon also issued a condemnation of what he termed Israel's "excessive and disproportionate" response, and called on Israel "to cease such attacks", while denouncing the ongoing rocket attacks on Sderot and Ashkelon.[88] In the Muslim world, demonstrators took to the streets to protest the IDF attacks. Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei called on Muslims to rise up and their leaders to hit Israel "in the face with their nations' anger." In Lebanon, hundreds of Hezbollah supporters gathered at the Fatima Gate at the border between Lebanon and Israel, shouting "Death to Israel" and waving Lebanese and Palestinian flags. In Egypt, thousands of students held protests at universities across the country calling on Arab leaders to stop Israeli aggression and support the Palestinians. Some protesters burned Israeli and American flags.[84] About 10,000 protesters, mainly from Jordan's mainstream Muslim Brotherhood and smaller opposition groups, took to the streets in one of the country's most vocal and largest anti-Israeli demonstrations in recent years. Saudi Arabia meanwhile compared the IDF offensive to "Nazi war crimes" and called on the international community to stop what it called the "mass killings" of Palestinians. Turkey's Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan said that the IDF attacks can have "no humanitarian justification" and added that Israel was rejecting a "diplomatic solution" to the dispute.[84] Most Israeli tanks and troops pulled out of northern Gaza 3 March 2008, and an Israel Defense Forces spokesman confirmed that the Israeli military was ending offensive operations there after five days.[89]

On 29 February 2008, the Israeli military launched Operation "Hot Winter" (also called Operation "Warm Winter") in response to Qassam rockets fired from the Strip by Hamas. The Israeli army killed 112 Palestinians, and Palestinian militants killed three Israelis. More than 150 Palestinians and seven Israelis have been injured.[90]

There was widespread international alarm at the scale of the operation, with the US state department encouraging Israel to exercise caution to avoid the loss of innocent life, and the European Union and the United Nations criticising Israel's "disproportionate use of force". The European Union also demanded an immediate end to Palestinian militant rocket attacks on Israel and urged Israel to halt activities that endanger civilians, saying they were "in violation of international law."[91]

2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire

Main article: 2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire
Monthly rocket hits in Israel in 2008, according to Israeli military-tied Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center.

The 2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire was an Egyptian-brokered six-month Tahdia (an Arabic term for a lull) "for the Gaza area", which went into effect between Hamas and Israel on 19 June 2008.[92] Hamas' obligation was to stop the rocket attacks on Israel. During the initial 5-months of the ceasefire, and after a shaky start during the initial week,[93] these attacks from Gaza decreased significantly for a total of 19 rocket and 18 mortar shell launchings,[93][94] compared to 1199 rockets and 1072 mortar shells in 2008 up to 19 June, a reduction of 98%.[95] Mark Regev, spokesman for the Israeli Prime Minister acknowledged that "there were no Hamas rockets during the ceasefire before November the 4th".[95][96] Israel's obligation was to cease attacks on Gaza and once the ceasefire held, to gradually begin to ease its punishing blockade of Gaza.[92] The agreement called on Israel to increase the level of goods entering Gaza by 30 percent over the pre-lull period within 72 hours and to open all border crossings and "allow the transfer of all goods that were banned and restricted to go into Gaza" within 13 days after the beginning of the ceasefire.[97][better source needed] The increase in supplies of food, water, medicine and fuel did improve, but the increase was only to an average of about 20 percent of normal levels,[98] compared to the Hamas compliance in reducing rocket fire by 98%.[95] Two months later the volume of goods arriving was too low to significantly improved living conditions,[99] preventing UNRWA from replenishing its stores.[100] Israel told U.S. officials in 2008 it would keep Gaza's economy "on the brink of collapse".[101]

A Grad rocket hitting Beersheba, January 2009

On 4 November 2008 Israel broke the ceasefire with an attack on Gaza. The Israeli military claimed the target of the raid was a tunnel that they said Hamas was planning to use to capture Israeli soldiers positioned on the border fence 250m away.[102] Hamas officials differed, however, claiming that the tunnel was being dug for defensive purposes, not to capture IDF personnel, according to Dr Robert Pastor (of the Carter Institute), and an IDF official confirmed that fact to him. Hamas replied to the Israeli attack with a barrage of rocket fire. With this incursion into Gaza territory and its non-compliance with the easing of the embargo, Israel had failed to comply with two aspects of the June 2008 ceasefire.[95]

When the six-month truce officially expired on 19 December, Hamas launched 50 to more than 70 rockets and mortars into Israel over the next three days, though no Israelis were injured.[103][104] On 21 December, Hamas said it was ready to stop the attacks and renew the truce if Israel stopped its "aggression" in Gaza and opened up its border crossings.[104][105] On 27 and 28 December, Israel implemented Operation Cast Lead against Hamas. Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak said "We warned Hamas repeatedly that rejecting the truce would push Israel to aggression against Gaza."[106]

Gaza War (2008–09)

Main article: Gaza War (2008–2009)
Destroyed buildings in Gaza City, January 2009

The Gaza War[107] started when Israel launched a large military campaign in the Gaza Strip on 27 December 2008, codenamed Operation "Cast Lead" (Hebrew: מבצע עופרת יצוקה),[108] with the stated aim of stopping Hamas rocket attacks on southern Israel and arms smuggling into Gaza.[109][110] The conflict has also been called the Gaza massacre in the Arab world (Arabic: مجزرة غزة).[111] A fragile six-month truce between Hamas and Israel expired on 19 December 2008.[112] The Israeli operation began with an intense bombardment of the Gaza Strip,[113] targeting Hamas bases, police training camps,[114] police headquarters and offices.[115][116] Civilian infrastructure, including mosques, houses, medical facilities and schools, were also attacked, as Israel stated that many of them were used by combatants, and as storage spaces for weapons and rockets.[117] Hamas intensified its rocket and mortar attacks against targets in Israel throughout the conflict, hitting previously untargeted cities such as Beersheba and Ashdod.[118][119] On 3 January 2009, the Israeli ground invasion began.[120][121] Human rights groups and aid organisations have accused Hamas and Israel of war crimes.[122][123][124] An estimated 1,166-1,417 Palestinians and 13 Israelis died in the conflict.[125][126][127] The conflict came to an end on 18 January after first Israel and then Hamas announced unilateral ceasefires.[128][129] On 21 January, Israel completed its withdrawal from the Gaza Strip.[130] On 2 March, it was reported that international donors had pledged $4.5 billion in aid for the Palestinians, mainly for rebuilding Gaza after Israel's offensive.[131] This war is considered to be the largest, devastating and deadliest military operation in Gaza since the Six-day war in 1967.[132]

March 2010 events

Further information: March 2010 Israel–Gaza clashes

On 26 March 2010, two Israeli soldiers and two Hamas militants were killed during clashes on the Gaza Strip's southern border. Two other soldiers were wounded during the fighting which broke out east of the town of Khan Younis. They are the first Israeli soldiers to have been killed in hostile fire in or around Gaza since Israel's major offensive there in January 2009, according to the BBC.[133]

Charred remains of an Israeli bus hit in the 2011 attacks

2011 cross-border attack

Main article: 2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks

On 18 August 2011, a series of cross-border attacks was carried out in southern Israel near the Egyptian border, by a squad of militants. The militants first opened fire at civilian bus.[134][135] Several minutes later, a bomb was detonated next to an Israeli army patrol along Israel's border with Egypt. In a third attack, an anti-tank missile hit a private vehicle, killing four civilians.

Operation "Returning Echo"

Main article: March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes
Destroyed house in Gaza City, December 2012

During the second week of March 2012, Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) initiated Operation "Returning Echo". It was the worst outbreak of violence covered by the media in the region since the 2008–09 Operation "Cast Lead" (the Gaza War).

Operation "Pillar of Defense"

Main article: Operation Pillar of Defense
Israeli soldiers shielding a 4-year-old boy during a rocket attack, July 2014
US Ambassador to Israel's tour of attack tunnel.

Attacks by Israel and Gazans grew intense late in October 2012. An Israeli air strike killed Ahmed Jabari, chief of the Hamas military wing in Gaza.[136] During the operation, four Israeli civilians and one soldier were killed by Palestinian rocket fire,[137] according to Palestinian Centre for Human Rights 158 Palestinians had been killed, of which: 102 were civilians, 55 militants and one was policeman. 30 children and 13 women were among the killed,[138] while the Israel Defense Forces presented statistics showing that out of 177 Palestinians killed, 120 were militants.[139] Most of the fighting was by bombs, aerial attacks, artillery, and rockets; the rockets being primarily used by the Palestinians and air strikes primarily by the Israelis. Attacked locations include Beersheva, Tel Aviv, Ashdod, Ofakim, Gaza, the rest of the Gaza Strip, the Shaar Hanegev, and Eshkol Regional Council. The United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Germany and other Western countries expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself, and/or[clarification needed] condemned the Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel.[140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148] Iran, Egypt, Turkey, North Korea and several other Arab and Muslim countries condemned the Israeli operation.[149][150][151]

2014 Gaza War

Main articles: 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, Battle of Shuja'iyya, and 2014 Israeli shelling of UNRWA Gaza shelters

In 2014, fighting intensified between Israel and Hamas, leading to another full-scale Gaza War, this one far deadlier than the previous in 2008–2009. The IDF launched Operation Protective Edge on 8 July 2014, in response to Hamas rocket attacks,[152] which were launched following an earlier Israeli air strike against Gaza[153] and on 17 July 2014, Israel troops entered the Gaza Strip.[154] UN OCHA says 2,205 Palestinians (including at least 1,483 civilians) and 71 Israelis (including 66 soldiers) and one foreign national in Israel were killed in the conflict.[155] The war came to an end after 50 days of conflict when a ceasefire was agreed upon on 26 August 2014.[156]

2018 Border Protest

Main article: 2018 Gaza border protests

During the 2018 Land Day protests, 168 Palestinians have been killed and thousands were injured during clashes with Israeli troops at the Gaza-Israel border.[157]

Clashes in November

Main article: Gaza–Israel clashes (November 2018)

Violence flared up again on 11 November 2018 when seven Palestinian militants were killed during a botched raid by the Israel Defense Forces in the southeastern Gaza Strip. One IDF officer was killed and another was injured. Over a dozen rockets were subsequently fired from Gaza, three of which were shot down. After a series of intense fire exchanges, ceasefire was agreed upon on 13 November 2018.

March 2019

On 25 March, seven people were injured in Israel after a rocket attack destroyed a home in Mishmeret. The Israel Defense Forces confirmed that Hamas was responsible for the attack.[158] The Israeli Air Force sent jets to strike multiple targets in the Gaza Strip, including the office of senior Hamas official Ismail Haniyeh, and Hamas' military intelligence headquarters in Gaza City.[159][160]

May 2019

On 3 May, two Israeli soldiers were injured by a Palestinian Islamic Jihad sniper from in the Gaza Strip during the weekly protests at the Gaza–Israel border. In response, the Israeli Air Force carried out an airstrike, killing four Palestinians. In addition, two other Palestinians were killed and 60 wounded, 36 of them by Israeli gunfire.[161]

Following this, Gazan militants launched hundreds of rockets at Israel. In response, the Israeli Air Force struck numerous targets within the Gaza Strip. In addition, Israel increased its troop presence near the Gaza–Israel border.[162]

April 2021

On 15 April, Israeli military conducted military strikes targets in Gaza after a rocket was fired at southern Israel. Targets included an armaments production facility, a tunnel for smuggling weaponry and a Hamas military post.[163]

May 2021

Main article: 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis

Hamas demanded Israel remove its forces from Al-Aqsa Mosque by May 10, 6pm. Minutes after the deadline passed, Hamas fired more than 150 rockets into Israel from Gaza.[164] In response, Israel launched air strikes in the Gaza strip on the same day.[165]

Operation "Breaking Dawn"

Main article: Operation Breaking Dawn

On 5 August 2022, Israel launched airstrikes on Gaza after a senior Palestinian Islamic Jihad militant had been arrested in the West Bank 4 days earlier, due to fears of retaliation.[166]

International response

United Nations United Nations
Secretary General Ban Ki-moon stated he believed that the Qassam rocket attacks by factions in Gaza were "completely unacceptable." He also said he believed that the Palestinian Authority should "take the necessary steps to restore law and order, and for all factions to abide by the ceasefire." Ban also stated he was "deeply concerned by the mounting number of civilian casualties from Israeli military operations in Gaza." The Secretary General also called on Israel "to abide by international law and to ensure that its actions do not target civilians or put them under risk."[167] Ban had appointed Michael Williams to the Middle East for talks with both sides.[168] Williams soon said "I'm troubled when I see Israeli soldiers arresting Palestinian legislators. I'm troubled that the education minister was arrested," after Israel arrested several Hamas officials in the West Bank.[169] Williams met with Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas and Foreign Minister Ziad Abu Amr in Gaza City. After continuing Israeli attacks and arrests, and the continuing rocket fire from Gaza, Williams said that "I'm very troubled by the level of violence here [...] I think the UN, the international community in general, have been very concerned about the level of intra-Palestinian violence, but also by the Israeli attacks which I know have caused civilian deaths, considerable numbers."[170] The international condemnation of Israeli incursion was further augmented with a scathing report prepared by eight British-based rights organizations, highlighting humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip that reached its worst point since Israel captured the territory in 1967. The report indicates more than 1.1 million people, about 80 percent of Gaza's residents, were dependent on food aid, and hospitals faced power cuts of up to 12 hours a day, and the water and sewage systems were close to collapse.[171]
United States United States
After the death of a woman from a rocket attack in Sderot, a representative for the U.S. Government reaffirmed the position that Israel has the right to self-defense. State Department spokesman Sean McCormack also stated that his country is aware of the difficulty of targeting terrorists without civilian casualties. He added that Israel must "take all possible actions in order to avoid any civilian casualties, to avoid any undue damage to the Palestinian infrastructure and always to consider the effects of their actions on the political process, the Israeli-Palestinian track and moving that forward."[167]
Turkey Turkey
In response to the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict and Egyptian support for Israel, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan called Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi an "illegitimate tyrant".[172] He also stated that "If Israel continues with this attitude, it will definitely be tried at international courts."[173]
Bolivia Bolivia
In July 2014, Bolivia declared Israel a "terrorist state", tightening visa restrictions for Israelis seeking to travel to Bolivia.[174]
Indonesia Indonesia
The Indonesian people and government were very concerned for Gaza during the conflict. They donated humanitarian aid and some volunteered to come to Gaza and work on the ground. Indonesia also built a hospital in Gaza named "Indonesia hospital," which opened in 2015.[175] Its construction was not impacted during the fighting and remained on schedule. This hospital was bombed by Israel three years later.[176]

Other responses

Pro-Israel-Demo in Berlin in 2009.
Pro-Palestinian demonstration in Paris, France

On 31 July 2014 on the 23rd day of the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, Ireland's Foreign Minister Charlie Flanagan said he shared "the horror and revulsion of senators and very many of our citizens at the horrendous scenes we have witnessed since the start of the Israeli military operation." The Irish government, he said, condemned "both the unacceptably high civilian casualty rate resulting from disproportionate military action on Israel's part as well as the firing of rockets by Hamas and other militants into Israel."[177] On 5 August 2014 a member of the British cabinet resigned over the UK government's approach to the 2014 conflict.

During the U.S. Presidential campaigns of 2016, Democratic candidate Bernie Sanders criticized Israel for its treatment of Gaza, and in particular criticized Netanyahu for "overreacting" and causing unnecessary civilian deaths.[178] In April 2016 the Anti-Defamation League called on Sanders to withdraw remarks he made to the New York Daily News, which the ADL said exaggerated the death toll of the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. Sanders said "over 10,000 innocent people were killed", a number far in excess of Palestinian or Israel sources' estimates.[179] In response, Sanders said that he accepted a corrected number of the death toll as 2,300 in the course of the interview and that he would make every effort to set the record straight. The transcript of the interview failed to note that Sanders said "Okay" to the corrected number presented by the interviewer during the course of the interview.[180]

Impact

Gaza

According to NGOs and the UN, the recent wars and the blockade have led to worsening living conditions in Gaza, and it could become unlivable by 2020.[181][182]

Israel

Due to the conflict, Israel has stepped up its defense measures in the southern communities and cities of Israel. This includes building fortifications on existing structures and bomb shelters, developing an alarm system (Red Color) and building an air-defense system (Iron Dome) [183]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Shin Bet Uncovers West Bank Hamas Cell That Planned Attacks in Tel Aviv, Jerusalem". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  2. ^ "Rise and Kill First: The Secret History of Israel's Targeted Assassinations – review". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  3. ^ "U.S. Gives Israel More Grenades and Mortar Rounds for Gaza Offensive". Newsweek. 30 July 2014. Archived from the original on 2 August 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  4. ^ "As It Battles Hamas Israel Singles Out Its Sponsor Qatar Archived 21 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine." The Times of Israel.
  5. ^ Zeiger, Asher (4 November 2012). "Sudan to continue supporting Hamas - despite 'Israeli aggression'". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  6. ^ "Turkey replaces Iran as primary funding source for Hamas". World Tribune. 22 December 2013. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
  7. ^ "Which Mideast power brokers support Hamas? - CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com. 6 August 2014. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
  8. ^ Mirren Gidda (25 July 2014). "Who in the Arab World Still Supports Hamas?". Time. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
  9. ^ "How North Korea supports Palestine and aided Hamas | NK News". 20 May 2021. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  10. ^ "What is Harakat al-Sabireen and why is Hamas trying to block their expansion?". Al-Monitor. 18 March 2016. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  11. ^ "Иран: наше оружие у ХАМАСа сеет страх и ужас среди сионистов". Archived from the original on 25 July 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
  12. ^ www.memri.org. "Iranian Reactions To The War In Gaza: Israel's Destruction Imminen". Memri.org. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  13. ^ "Despite Syria rift, Hezbollah pledges full support to Hamas". Reuters. 25 July 2014. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  14. ^ Says, Mike Merlo (22 July 2013). "Popular Resistance Committees calls on Hamas to stop arrests of 'mujahideen' - FDD's Long War Journal". longwarjournal.org. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  15. ^ Altman, Alex (4 January 2009). "Hamas Leader Khaled Mashaal". Time. Archived from the original on 26 October 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  16. ^ a b Butcher, Tim (2 January 2009). "Israel bombs Gaza for seventh day after killing Hamas leader". Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  17. ^ "Fatalities since Operation Cast Lead". Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  18. ^ Jason Burke (12 August 2014). "Gaza: hopes rise of end to war as Hamas 'optimistic' of deal with Israel". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  19. ^ "Fatalities since Operation Cast Lead". B'Tselem. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  20. ^ "GAZA DEATH TOLL RISES TO 1959". Daily Sabah. 14 August 2014. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
  21. ^ [1] Archived 7 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine "In 2015, tensions between Hamas and Iran also developed when Hamas expressed tacit support for the Saudi-led offensive against the Houthis, a militant rebel group backed by Iran in Yemen. In August 2017, Iran again began funding Hamas after Saleh al Arouri, the Hamas second-in-command, met with senior Iranian officials."
  22. ^ "Turkey and Egypt at Odds Over Gaza | Middle East Policy Council". mepc.org. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  23. ^ Big Hamas win in Gaza's election Archived 9 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine BBC News, 28 January 2005
  24. ^ a b "Hamas sweeps to election victory" Archived 13 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine BBC News 26 January 2006
  25. ^ "Rocket and mortar fire into Israel". Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  26. ^ "Gaza: Palestinian Rockets Unlawfully Targeted Israeli Civilians". hrw.org/news/. Human Rights Watch. 24 December 2012. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  27. ^ "Protection of the civilian population". Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977. International Committee of the Red Cross. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  28. ^ Israel threatens to cut Gaza power, water over rockets Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine ABC Australia, 4 September 2007
  29. ^ Lieberman: Israel planning to improve Gaza's water and electricity infrastructure Archived 3 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine Haaretz, 18 July 2010
  30. ^ Israel: 'Disengagement' Will Not End Gaza Occupation" Archived 22 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine Human Rights Watch, 29 October 2004
  31. ^ "SPOKESPERSON'S DAILY HIGHLIGHTS". www.un.org. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
  32. ^ "Checkpoints, Physical Obstructions, and Forbidden Roads". Btselem. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
  33. ^ Wurmser, Meyrav (Fall 2002). "Book Review of Korah Ha'hafrada: Yisrael Ve Harashut Ha'falestinit, Disengagement: Israel and the Palestinian Authority". Middle East Quarterly. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
  34. ^ a b Baskin, Gershon; Rosenberg, Sharon (June 2003). "The New Walls and Fences: Consequences for Israel and Palestine" (PDF). Centre for European Policy Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2006.
  35. ^ Tabarani, Gabriel G (2008), Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: from Balfour Promise to Bush Declaration: The Complications and the Road for a Lasting Peace, AuthorHouse, pp. 325–26, ISBN 978-1-46787904-0, archived from the original on 23 January 2016, retrieved 15 November 2015
  36. ^ Steinberg, Gerald M (2013), Routledge Handbook on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Routledge, p. 191, ISBN 978-0-41577862-6, archived from the original on 23 January 2016, retrieved 15 November 2015
  37. ^ "Statistics". B'Tselem. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010.
  38. ^ Tony Karon (10 February 2002). "The Homemade Rocket That Could Change the Mideast". Time. Archived from the original on 4 June 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
  39. ^ "Hamas 'tests long-range rocket'". BBC. 2009. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  40. ^ "Sderot traumatic stress center sees steep rise in new patients". Ha'aretz. 21 May 2007. Archived from the original on 14 August 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
  41. ^ "Report: 33 percent of Sderot kids suffer post-traumatic stress". Ha'aretz. 27 November 2006. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008.
  42. ^ Gaza-Westbank – ICRC Bulletin No. 22 / 2007 Archived 16 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine, AlertNet, accessed 16 June 2007.
  43. ^ Makdisi, Saree (22 September 2007). "The War on Gaza's Children". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2008.
  44. ^ Casualties by year: 526 (2006), 295 (2007), 833 (2008), 1014 (2009), 68 (2010), 105 (2011), 246 (2012), 2 (2013). Source: B'Tselem [2] Archived 10 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine [3] Archived 10 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine [4] Archived 10 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  45. ^ "Israel and the Palestinians Gaza abacus". The Economist. 19 November 2012. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
  46. ^ "Israeli Military Operations against Gaza, 2000–2008". Journal of Palestine Studies. 38 (3): 122–138. Spring 2009. doi:10.1525/jps.2009.xxxviii.3.122.
  47. ^ Scott Poynting; David Whyte (16 May 2012). Counter-Terrorism and State Political Violence: The 'war on terror' as terror. Routledge. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-136-29848-6. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
  48. ^ "Human Rights Watch written statement on Gaza to the UN Human Rights Council". Human Rights Watch. 22 January 2008. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
  49. ^ Hamas militants vow to end truce Archived 16 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine, BBC Online, 10 June 2006
  50. ^ "Democracy Now! | AIPAC v. Norman Finkelstein: A Debate on Israel's Assault on Gaza". Democracy Now!. Archived from the original on 13 November 2007.
  51. ^ https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20061017/ap_on_re_mi_ea/israel_palestinians_3. Retrieved 17 March 2008. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)[dead link]
  52. ^ "Defense Update News Commentary: 1 January 2005 - 31 January 2005". Archived from the original on 13 May 2008.
  53. ^ "Country Reports on Terrorism 2005" (PDF). April 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
  54. ^ May 22; Gillerman, 2004by Ambassador Dan (22 May 2004). "Defending Israel's Positions in Rafah". aishcom. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  55. ^ S/PV.4972 of 19 May 2004 Archived 9 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  56. ^ "Today's Briefing". American Israel Public Affairs Committee. 19 October 2006. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2006.
  57. ^ "PM: We will not recapture Gaza". Ynetnews. 2 July 2006. Archived from the original on 20 January 2008.
  58. ^ "Commander: We met stiff terrorist resistance". Ynetnews. 26 October 2006. Archived from the original on 24 April 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
  59. ^ Gaza doctors say patients suffering mystery injuries after Israeli attacks Archived 31 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian, 17 October 2006.
  60. ^ Isabel Kershner (19 May 2007). "Israeli Army Strikes Gaza Rocket-Launching Cell". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  61. ^ 12 children among 19 killed by Israeli tank fire Archived 4 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian
  62. ^ Italy: Israel shelled Beit Hanoun deliberately Archived 7 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine, YNet Israel News, 12 November 2006
  63. ^ "Israeli shelling kills 18 in Gaza". BBC News. 8 November 2006. Archived from the original on 16 February 2007. Retrieved 14 November 2006.
  64. ^ "IDF kills gunman in Gaza for first time since truce". Ynetnews. 26 October 2006. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
  65. ^ "Report: IDF seizes Jihad man in Bethlehem; 2 Qassams fired". Haaretz. 26 October 2006. Archived from the original on 24 April 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
  66. ^ "Islamic Jihad vows to avenge death of 2 operatives". Haaretz. 20 October 2006. Archived from the original on 24 April 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
  67. ^ "Gaza conditions 'at 40-year low'". BBC News. 6 March 2008. Archived from the original on 26 February 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  68. ^ Erlanger, Steven; Cooper, Helene (19 September 2007). "Israel Pressures Hamas Ahead of Rice's Arrival". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  69. ^ "Israel declares Gaza 'hostile territory'". IHT. 19 September 2007. Archived from the original on 9 October 2007.
  70. ^ "Cabinet declares Gaza 'hostile territory'". Ha'aretz. 20 September 2007. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
  71. ^ Security Cabinet declares Gaza hostile territory Archived 5 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine by MFA
  72. ^ "EU warns against 'collective punishment' in Gaza". Reuters. 29 October 2007. Archived from the original on 24 February 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
  73. ^ "Gaza: Israel's Energy Cuts Violate Laws of War". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 13 March 2008.
  74. ^ Israel cuts electricity and food supplies to Gaza Archived 19 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine by Amnesty International
  75. ^ Greenberg, Hanan (24 May 2007). "UN 'troubled' by Hamas legislators' arrests". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  76. ^ "Israel launches raids into Gaza". BBC News. 17 May 2007. Archived from the original on 25 May 2007. Retrieved 20 May 2007.
  77. ^ Sofer, Ronny (15 May 2007). "IDF may respond harshly". ynetnews.com. Archived from the original on 17 May 2007. Retrieved 20 May 2007.
  78. ^ "Israel pushes Gaza offensive amid rocket attacks Archived 10 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine"
  79. ^ Airstrike hits Gaza ministry building Archived 29 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine CNN, 27 February 2008
  80. ^ Children killed as Gaza violence flares CNN, 28 February 2008 Archived 15 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  81. ^ Palestinians: Israeli attacks killing dozens Archived 17 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine CNN, 1 March 2008
  82. ^ a b "UN Demands End to Gaza Strip Violence as 72 Palestinians Killed". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  83. ^ "Iran leader calls on Muslims to hit Israel 'in face' over Gaza op". Haaretz.com. 2 March 2008. Archived from the original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  84. ^ a b c "White House calls for end to Gaza violence: spokesman". Archived from the original on 10 February 2009.
  85. ^ "Breaking News, World News and Video from Al Jazeera". aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2008.
  86. ^ "Breaking News, World News and Video from Al Jazeera". aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 22 March 2008.
  87. ^ "EU condemns disproportionate use of force by Israel - USATODAY.com". USA Today. Archived from the original on 27 December 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  88. ^ "Security Council, Secretary-General alarmed by deadly violence in Middle East". UN News Centre. 2 March 2008. Archived from the original on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2008. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  89. ^ "Israel withdraws from Gaza as anti-rocket offensive ends". Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  90. ^ "Israeli Gaza operation 'not over'". BBC. 3 March 2008. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 3 March 2008.
  91. ^ "U.S. calls for end to continued violence, return to peace talks". Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
  92. ^ a b Peter Walker and agencies (19 June 2008). "Gaza militants and Israel begin fragile truce". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  93. ^ a b Isabel Kershner (25 June 2008). "Rockets hit Israel, breaking Hamas truce". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 16 January 2009.
  94. ^ "Summary of rocket fire and mortar shelling in 2008" (PDF). Israel Intelligence Heritage & Commemoration Center (IICC). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  95. ^ a b c d Dr. David Morrison (2 March 2010). "The Israel-Hamas ceasefire of 19 June to 4 Nov. 2008" (PDF). SADAKA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2014.
  96. ^ "Israel Confirms Hamas Fired NO Rockets". IkhwanWeb. 13 January 2009. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  97. ^ Gareth Porter (9 January 2009). "Israel Rejected Hamas Ceasefire Offer in December". Inter Press Service News Agency. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  98. ^ Jimmy Carter (8 January 2009). "An Unnecessary War". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
  99. ^ Aleem Maqbool (19 August 2008). "Truce barely eases Gaza embargo". BBC News. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  100. ^ Noam Chomsky (2011). Hopes and Prospects (Hardcover ed.). Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-241-14476-3. Archived from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  101. ^ "WikiLeaks: Israel aimed to keep Gaza economy on brink of collapse". Haaretz. Reuters. 5 January 2011. Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  102. ^ Rory McCarthy (5 November 2008). "Gaza truce broken as Israeli raid kills six Hamas gunmen". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  103. ^ "Rockets from Gaza bombard Israeli area". UPI. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
  104. ^ a b "Hamas 'might renew truce' in Gaza". BBC News. London. 23 December 2008. Archived from the original on 26 December 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
  105. ^ "Why Israel Attacked". Time. 27 December 2008. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013.
  106. ^ Civilian death toll rises after second day of air strikes Archived 4 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian (UK), 29 December 2008
  107. ^ "Anthony H. Cordesman, 'THE "GAZA WAR": A Strategic Analysis,' Center for Strategic & International Studies, February 2009 p.5" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
  108. ^ Harel, Amos (27 December 2008). "ANALYSIS / IAF strike on Gaza is Israel's version of 'shock and awe'". Ha'aretz. Archived from the original on 28 December 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
  109. ^ Weizman, Steve (13 April 2009). "Gaza boat explodes in apparent attack, no injuries". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  110. ^ "Israel strikes back against Hamas terror infrastructure in Gaza 27-Dec-2008." Archived 22 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 21 January 2009. 2 February 2009.
  111. ^ "Factions refuse Abbas' call for unity meeting amid Gaza massacre". Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
  112. ^ "Timeline - Israeli-Hamas violence since truce ended". Reuters. 5 January 2009. Archived from the original on 18 January 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
  113. ^ Byers, David; Hider, James (28 December 2008). "Israel Gaza blitz kills 290 as ground troops mobilise". The Times. London. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  114. ^ Israeli Gaza strike kills more than 200 Archived 12 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, International Herald Tribune, 27 December 2008.
  115. ^ Amos Harel. "Most Hamas bases destroyed in 4 minutes". Ha'aretz. Archived from the original on 30 December 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2008.
  116. ^ Yaakov Katz. "A year's intel gathering yields 'alpha hits'". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2008.
  117. ^ McCarthy, Rory; David Batty and agencies (2 January 2009). "Israeli warplanes destroy Gaza houses and mosque as air strikes continue". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  118. ^ "Rockets land east of Ashdod". Ynetnews. 28 December 2008. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 28 December 2008.
  119. ^ Curiel, Ilana (30 December 2008). "Rockets reach Beersheba, cause damage". Ynetnews. YNET. Archived from the original on 31 December 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
  120. ^ Butcher, T. (3 January 2009). "Israel invades Gaza in attempt to destroy Hamas". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2 April 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
  121. ^ Barzak, I.; Keyser, J. (3 January 2009). "Israeli ground troops invade Gaza to halt rockets". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
  122. ^ "Gaza 'human shields' criticised". BBC News. 8 January 2009. Archived from the original on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  123. ^ "Holding Gilad Shalit as a hostage is a war crime" Archived 23 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine - B'Tselem press release, issued 25 June 2007
  124. ^ McGreal, Chris (23 January 2009). "Demands grow for Gaza war crimes investigation because of events such as the use of white phosphorus to bomb a UN school as collateral damage to the alleged terrorists operating next to it". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2009.
  125. ^ Israel tightens grip on urban parts of Gaza Archived 9 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. By Nidal al-Mughrabi. 12 January 2009. Reuters.
  126. ^ Lappin, Yaakov (26 March 2009). "IDF releases Cast Lead casualty numbers". JPost. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2009.
  127. ^ Younis, Khan (22 January 2009). "Rights Group Puts Gaza Death Toll At 1,284". CBS. Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2009.
  128. ^ "Hamas, Israel set independent cease-fires". CNN International. 18 January 2009. Archived from the original on 2 September 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  129. ^ "Israel wants rapid Gaza pullout". BBC. 18 January 2009. Archived from the original on 28 January 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  130. ^ "Last Israeli troops 'leave Gaza'". BBC News. 21 January 2009. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  131. ^ "Billions pledged to rebuild Gaza". BBC News. 2 March 2009. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 4 March 2009.
  132. ^ MAP - Witness Archived 6 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine "It's been five years since 'Operation Cast Lead' and the people of Gaza continue to suffer from the most destructive Israeli assault since the Six Day War".
  133. ^ "Gaza militants kill Israel troops". BBC News. 26 March 2010. Archived from the original on 29 March 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
  134. ^ "Israeli airstrikes target Gaza after multiple attacks". CNN. 19 August 2011. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  135. ^ "Israel launches strikes on Gaza after attacks". Al Jazeera. 19 August 2011. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  136. ^ MATTHEW KALMAN, "Massed Israeli troops poised for invasion of Gaza" Archived 12 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Independent, Retrieved 15 November 2012
  137. ^ "Gaza and Israel begin to resume normal life after truce" Archived 19 January 2013 at archive.today, BBC news. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
  138. ^ "BBC News - Gaza and Israel begin to resume normal life after truce". BBC News. 22 November 2012. Archived from the original on 28 November 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  139. ^ "After eight days of fighting, ceasefire is put to the test". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  140. ^ Lazaroff, Tovah (16 November 2012). "Ashton, Merkel say Israel has right to defend itself". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 25 November 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
  141. ^ "Gaza Rocket Attacks" (Press release). US: Department of State. 14 November 2012. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  142. ^ "UPDATE 8-Rockets hits near Tel Aviv as Gaza death toll rises". Reuters. 14 November 2012. Archived from the original on 17 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  143. ^ Hall, Bianca (16 November 2012). "Gillard condemns attacks on Israel" (Press release). AU: Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 18 November 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  144. ^ "Les ministres européens mettent en garde Israël quant à l'escalade de la violence à Gaza" [European ministers warn Israel about escalade of violence in Gaza] (in French). EurActiv. 16 November 2012. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  145. ^ "Foreign minister Nikolay Mladenov commenting on the situation in southern Israel and the Gaza Strip". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bulgaria). 15 November 2012. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  146. ^ "Canada Condemns Hamas and Stands with Israel" (Press release). CA: Foreign Affairs and International Trade. 14 November 2012. Archived from the original on 30 March 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  147. ^ Statement of MFA on Israel and the Gaza Strip Archived 23 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic 15 November 2012
  148. ^ "Russia condemns 'disproportionate' strikes on Gaza". The Daily Star. LB. 15 November 2012. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  149. ^ "At the UN, Pakistan slams Israel's offensive in Gaza". The Express Tribune. PK. 15 November 2012. Archived from the original on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  150. ^ "Morocco Strongly Condemns Israeli Raids on Gaza". Rabat, BH. Bahrain News Agency. 15 November 2012. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  151. ^ "Lebanese president: Israeli attack on Gaza obstructs peace". NOW Lebanon. 15 November 2012. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  152. ^ "IDF's Operation "Protective Edge" Begins Against Gaza". JewishPress. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
  153. ^ "Hamas fires rockets for first time since 2012, Israeli officials say". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  154. ^ "Israeli army marches on Gaza". Israel Herald. Archived from the original on 25 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  155. ^ "Occupied Palestinian territory, Gaza Crisis". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 15 October 2014. Archived from the original on 25 July 2015.
  156. ^ "Gaza ceasefire: Israel and Palestinians agree to halt weeks of fighting". TheGuardian. 27 August 2014. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  157. ^ 'Palestinian succumbs to wounds, Gaza death toll rises to 168,' Archived 30 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Ma'an News Agency 13 August 2018.
  158. ^ "Seven hurt as Gaza rocket hits Israeli home". BBC News. 25 March 2019. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  159. ^ [5][dead link]
  160. ^ "Israeli military strikes Hamas targets in Gaza". aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  161. ^ Magid, Jacob. "Two soldiers wounded by gunfire on Gaza border; IDF hits Hamas post, killing 2". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  162. ^ Kershner, Isabel (4 May 2019). "Gaza Militants Fire 250 Rockets, and Israel Responds With Airstrikes". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  163. ^ Alex; Fulbright, er; Gross, Judah Ari. "Israel strikes Hamas targets after Gaza rocket fire". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  164. ^ Schwartz, Felicia; Lieber, Dov (10 May 2021). "Israel Strikes Hamas Targets After Rockets Fired at Jerusalem". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  165. ^ "Palestinians say 21 killed as Israeli air raids on Gaza continue". Al-Jazeera. 10 May 2021. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  166. ^ Ynet; agencies, News (5 August 2022). "Israel kills Islamic Jihad army chief in Gaza as IDF declares operation 'Breaking Dawn'". Ynetnews. Retrieved 7 August 2022. {{cite news}}: |first2= has generic name (help)
  167. ^ a b "UN chief concerned about Palestinian, Israeli attacks Archived 18 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine"
  168. ^ "Qassam lands near Sderot; no injuries Archived 7 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine"
  169. ^ Greenberg, Hanan (24 May 2007). "UN 'troubled' by Hamas legislators' arrests". ynet. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  170. ^ "Special UN envoy to Mideast says he's 'very troubled' by Gaza violence". ynet. 26 May 2007. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  171. ^ The New York Times. AP https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/world/AP-Israel-Gaza.html?scp=1&sq=humanitarian+situation+in+Gaza&st=nyt. Retrieved 13 June 2013. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)[dead link]
  172. ^ "Turkey PM slams Egypt's 'illegitimate tyrant' Sisi Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine". Yahoo News. 18 July 2014.
  173. ^ "Turkey's Erdogan says Israel should face trial over Gaza assault". Reuters. 24 July 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  174. ^ "Bolivia declares Israel a 'terrorist state' Archived 12 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine". USA Today. 1 August 2014.
  175. ^ "[6] Archived 20 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine" Antara News. 17 June 2015.
  176. ^ "Jokowi condemns Gaza missile attack that damaged Indonesian hospital". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  177. ^ "Ireland horrified and revolted by death and destruction in Gaza". Irish Sun.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  178. ^ Bernie Sanders accuses Netanyahu of overreacting in Gaza war Archived 4 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Times of Israel, 19 November 2015
  179. ^ US Jewish group slams Bernie Sanders for misstatements on 2014 Gaza war Archived 7 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Jerusalem Post, 6 April 2016
  180. ^ Sanders tells ADL he knows he got his Gaza death toll number wrong Archived 11 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Times of Israel, 8 April 2016
  181. ^ Beaumont, Peter (2 September 2015). "Gaza could soon become uninhabitable, UN report predicts". Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2018 – via www.theguardian.com.
  182. ^ "Gaza will be unlivable next year, not 2020 as the UN says". 11 July 2017. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  183. ^ "Barak confirms: 'Iron Dome' to be deployed within days - Defense - Jerusalem Post". jpost.com. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaza–Israel_conflict&oldid=1126214992"