Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

2020–2022 Western Saharan clashes
Part of the Western Sahara conflict
2020 Western Saharan clashes.png
Map of the Western Sahara; location of Guerguerat, where the clashes began, is marked with a red circle.
Date13 November 2020 (2020-11-13) – present
(2 years, 1 month, 1 week and 4 days)
Location
Moroccan Western Sahara Wall (Berm)
21°25′34″N 16°57′31″W / 21.42611°N 16.95861°W / 21.42611; -16.95861Coordinates: 21°25′34″N 16°57′31″W / 21.42611°N 16.95861°W / 21.42611; -16.95861
Status Ongoing
Territorial
changes		 Morocco secures Guerguerat border crossing[1]
Belligerents
 Kingdom of Morocco  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Commanders and leaders
Units involved
Royal Moroccan Armed Forces Sahrawi People's Liberation Army
Casualties and losses
At least 6 soldiers killed[2][3][4][a] At least 12 soldiers killed[6]
18 killed overall[7][8][needs update]

The 2020–2022 Western Saharan clashes, also called the Guerguerat crisis, Moroccan military intervention in Guerguerat or Second Western Sahara War (this latter used by POLISARIO supporters), is an armed conflict between the Kingdom of Morocco and the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), represented at the United Nations by the Polisario Front, in the disputed region of Western Sahara. It was the latest escalation of an unresolved conflict over the region, which is largely occupied by Morocco, but 20–25% is administered by the SADR.[9] The violence ended a ceasefire between the opposing sides that had held for 29 years in anticipation of a referendum of self-determination that would have settled the dispute. Despite the establishment of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara in 1991, the referendum was never held.

Tensions between Morocco and the Polisario Front deepened in mid-October 2020 when Saharawi peaceful protesters blocked a controversial road connecting Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara to sub-Saharan Africa. The protesters camped on the road near the small village of Guerguerat, where it passes through a 5-kilometer-wide buffer strip monitored by the UN. Despite the controversy, the route had grown in economic importance,[10] such that the protest stranded about 200 Moroccan truck drivers on the Mauritanian side of the border.[11] According to the Sahrawi authorities, the Moroccan forces were deployed near the area in early November,[12] with Mauritanian forces reinforcing their positions along its border with Morocco, which is controlled by the Polisario Front.[13]

On 13 November, Morocco launched a military operation from the Berm into the demilitarized buffer strip of Western Sahara to clear the protesters near Guerguerat and restore the free movement of goods and people. The Polisario Front urged the United Nations to intervene, noting that the Moroccan military operation violated the ceasefire agreements of the 1990s, and furthermore accused the Moroccan security forces of shooting at unarmed civilians in the buffer strip.[14][15] Morocco denied there had been any armed clashes between the sides and said the truce remained in place,[16] while SADR authorities declared the ceasefire over. Clashes spread that same day along the Moroccan Berm, with Morocco claiming that it had repelled a Sahrawi incursion near Al Mahbes.[17] The SADR declared war on Morocco the next day.[18] Since the beginning of the conflict, both countries have begun mass mobilisation and the SADR Ministry of Defense claims to be bombarding military objectives along the Moroccan Berm daily.[19][20][21] It is the first major clash over the region since 1991.[22]

Background[edit]

Further information: Western Sahara conflict and Western Sahara War
Moroccan walls in the territory of Western Sahara, during the Western Sahara war (1975-1991). In yellow, the territory under control by the Polisario Front

The disputed region Western Sahara is a sparsely-populated area mostly comprising desert territories, situated in the Maghreb region of Africa's northwest coast. The region was a Spanish colony until February 1976, when the Spanish government informed the United Nations that it withdrew from the territory. Since then, the region has been the subject of a long-running territorial dispute between Morocco, supported by a number of its prominent Arab allies, including Saudi Arabia and Jordan,[23] and the Saharawi Republic (SADR), an African Union member state established by the Algerian-backed pro-independence Polisario Front, which is recognized by the United Nations as the legitimate representative of the indigenous Sahrawi people.[24] Some commentators have connected Morocco's interests over the region with the idea of Greater Morocco, which encompasses Western Sahara and parts of both Mauritania, Mali, and Algeria, and according to the narrative, was divided up by the French and Spanish colonizers.[23] Morocco, claiming Tindouf and Béchar provinces, invaded Algeria in 1963, resulting in the brief Sand War, which ended in a military stalemate.[25]

The official United Nations map of the MINURSO peacekeeping mission shows that the border crossing at Guerguerat is not among the recognized locations to cross the Moroccan Berm.

While the Polisario Front had waged a low-intensity war of national liberation against Spanish colonial authorities since May 1973, the Western Sahara War began in October 1975, just weeks before the death of long-time Spanish dictator Francisco Franco, when Moroccan and Mauritanian forces,[26][27] aided by France,[28][29] invaded the Spanish colony. While Mauritania withdrew from Western Sahara and recognized the Saharawi Republic early in the conflict, by the end of the war Morocco had obtained control of more than two-thirds of the vast desert territory in its western part, along the Atlantic Ocean.[30] During the war, between 1980 and 1987, Morocco built six mostly sand barriers some 2,700 kilometres (1,700 mi) long,[31] and in 1988, both Morocco and the Polisario Front agreed to a UN Settlement Plan, approved by the UN Security Council on 29 April 1991, called for a referendum, which would ask the Sahrawis to choose between independence or integration into Morocco, to be organized and conducted by the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO).[32] After the war, on 6 September 1991, an UN-brokered ceasefire was signed,[33] promising a referendum on self-determination to the Sahrawis.[34] The United Nations has recognising the area as a non-self-governing territory since 1963; it is also the only African territory on the list, making the Western Sahara the last African territory subject to decolonization.[34][35] Despite the efforts, the planned referendum has been repeatedly delayed ever since then;[36] Morocco had refused the terms of the referendum, citing its dissatisfaction with who was allowed to vote,[37] while tens of thousands of Moroccans have emigrated to the region since the 1970s.[23]

Guerguerat border crossing in 2007.

Guerguerat is a small village located on the southern coast of the region, along the Moroccan National Route 1 leading to Mauritania, some 380 kilometres (240 mi) north of Nouakchott, in a buffer zone patrolled by MINURSO;[38] UN's envoy to the region, Horst Köhler, resigned in mid-2019 for health-related reasons.[39] The Polisario Front considers the road illegal since they say it was built in violation of the ceasefire.[40] Tensions yet again deepened between Morocco and the Polisario Front in mid-October, when unarmed Sahrawi refugees from Tindouf, Algeria (where Polisario-administered refugee camps house about 100,000 Sahrawi refugees[41]) passed through SADR-controlled territories to camp on and block the road in protest of what they called the plunder of Western Saharan resources from the Sahrawi people,[42] creating a large caravan of vehicles and blocking traffic in the region.[43] Morocco, which regards the region as vital to trade with sub-Saharan Africa,[10] accused the Polisario Front of infiltrating the buffer zone and "carrying out acts of banditry" in Guerguerat.[44] The Moroccan authorities also stated that the Polisario Front was harassing UN troops at the crossing, though the UN denied this.[34] In early November, around 200 Moroccan truck drivers appealed to Moroccan and Mauritanian authorities for help, saying they were stranded on the Mauritanian side of the border near Guerguerat, and adding that they didn't have access to drinking water, food, shelter, or medicine, with some suffering from chronic illnesses.[11] According to Jeune Afrique, Morocco first appealed to the United Nations to resolve the conflict peacefully, and that although the Secretary-General of the United Nations, António Guterres, approved this request, the situation was not resolved.[45] Guterres himself likewise said that he had launched numerous initiatives to evade an escalation in the buffer zone, but his efforts had failed.[46] On 8 November, Polisario Front authorities stated that Morocco was deploying a large number of police and other security forces near Guerguerat.[12] On 12 November, Mauritanian forces reinforced their positions along border Polisario Front-controlled territories bordering Mauritania.[13]

Course of the conflict[edit]

2020[edit]

  • 13 November: The clashes erupted on 13 November, when the Moroccan forces launched an offensive on Guerguerat to seize control of the road passing by the village,[47] which was blocked by around 50 Sahrawi activists.[48] According to Sahrawi sources, the Moroccan forces violated the ceasefire by penetrating the demilitarized zone,[49] crossing the Moroccan Western Sahara Wall in three different directions.[50] The Moroccan authorities stated that they had acted in self-defence, after a Sahrawi attack on Al Mahbes,[51] and launched an offensive to restore free circulation of civilian and commercial traffic in the area.[52] Later in the day, the Polisario Front stated that its forces fired upon four Moroccan bases and two checkpoints along the security wall.[53] Then, the Royal Moroccan Armed Forces claimed full control over the Guerguerat border crossing.[1]
  • 14 November: The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic officially declared war on Morocco.[18] The Polisario Front then stated that its forces had launched attacks on Moroccan military positions near Bagari, Al Mahbes, and Guerguerat. Morocco denied that it suffered casualties.[54]
  • 15 November: More skirmishing was reported between SADR and Moroccan forces along the security wall,[20] especially near Al Mahbes where Moroccan forces claimed to have destroyed an SPLA armoured vehicle.[55][56]
  • 16 November: MINURSO reported continued skirmishing along the security wall.[57]
  • 18 November: MINURSO reported harassing fire at points along the security wall.[58]
  • 24 November: The spokesman for the United Nations Secretary-General, Stéphane Dujarric, stated during his daily press briefing that MINURSO remains present and continues to monitor the situation throughout the territory, including Guerguerat. The United Nations also continues to receive reports of fire scattered throughout the northern and eastern parts of the berm, with the spokesperson stating that these incidents often occur at night.[59]
  • 11 December: The spokesman for the UN Secretary-General, Stéphane Dujarric, stated that the United Nations was still in contact with MINURSO in Western Sahara and that the mission had not witnessed any activity on the ground that would raise any concern in the past 24 hours.[60]

2021[edit]

  • 23 January: The Polisario Front's official news agency reported that they fired four missiles near a Moroccan-controlled border post at Guerguerat.[61][62]
  • 3 February: For the 43rd consecutive day, the SADR has claimed to attack Moroccan positions. The SADR Ministry of National Defense said they have carried out concentrated bombardments against Moroccan positions in Gararat Al-Firsik region, Mahbes sector. Along with bombardment in Um Dagan region, Al-Bagari sector; Ajbeilat Lajdar region, Guelta sector; and Lagseibiyin region, Farsía Sector.[63]
  • 9 February: The Polisario claimed that it had killed three Moroccan soldiers the previous day in a specific attack in the Ouarkziz region of southern Morocco, near the disputed territory of Western Sahara. Contacted by the French press, the information was not denied by the Moroccan government.[64][61]
  • 1 March: A spokesperson for António Guterres, the United Nations' Secretary-General, addressed the situation in Western Sahara during a daily press briefing. According to a near-verbatim transcript, he said that MINURSO "continues to receive unconfirmed reports of sporadic firing across the berm."[65]
  • 8 April: The Polisario head of the gendarmerie Addah al-Bendir was killed by what reports claim to be a drone strike, while attempting raid on Moroccan positions along berm.[66] The Sahrawi Ministry of Defense reported the military commander's "martyrdom," confirming his death to AFP. However, moments after publishing the news in the Polisario Front's official news agency, the Sahrawi Ministry of Defense removed it from its official publication.[67]
  • 14 October: A patrol of the Sahrawi People's Liberation Army consisting of several armed vehicles opened fire at a guard post near the Moroccan wall on Thursday night. The Royal Moroccan Army fired back and repelled the attack.[68]
  • 17 October: Brahim Ghali announced that attacks on Morocco by the Sahrawi People's Liberation Army will continue.[69]
  • 18 October: The Polisario Front fired rockets along sites near Al Mahbes.[70]
  • 14/15 November: Two Moroccan drone strikes hit SUVs near the berm, killing 11 people. The Moroccan government claims they were members of the Polisario Front attempting to cross the Moroccan Western Sahara Wall, while pro-Polisario sources claimed they were civilians, although some pro-Polisario sources did acknowledge the "martyrdom" of one militant.[71]
  • 17 November: The Sahrawi People's Liberation Army (SPLA), through its official news agency, claimed to have concentrated their artillery fire against the Moroccan forces entrenched in the Acheidmiya and Rus Asabti regions, in the Mahbes sector.[72]
  • 18 November: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have carried out bombardments against Moroccan forces in north of the Galb Dirit region, in the Hauza sector and the Gabl Ad-dalim region, in the Tichla sector.[73]
  • 19 November: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have carried out new attacks against Moroccan forces at various points of the Moroccan berm, in the Laagad and Sabjat Tnushad regions, both in the Mahbes region.[74] Brahim Ghali criticized the Resolution 2602 of the UN Security Council, and recalls that the Polisario Front cannot commit to any cooperation outside the framework agreed in the 1991 AU-UN Solution Plan.[75]
  • 20 November: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have carried out new attacks against the Moroccan forces positioned in the regions of Russ Sabti and the Udey Amarkba, in the Mahbes sector.[76] Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights expressed its "deep concern" over reports of attacks and human rights violations against Sultana Sid Brahim Khaya by Morocco.[77]
  • 21 November: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have carried out new attacks against the Moroccan forces positioned in the region of Fadrat Almars in the Hauza sector.[78] Polisario front demanded all foreign companies to immediately withdraw from Western Sahara, considering their presence in the region as a flagrant violation of international law.[79]
  • 22 November: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have carried out new attacks against Moroccan forces positioned in the regions of Fadrat Tamat, Um Dagan and Sabjat Tanuchad, in the Hauza, Bagari and Mahbes sectors, respectively.[80] The SADR called on the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights to end Morocco's military presence in Western Sahara.[81]
  • 23 November: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have carried out new attacks against the Moroccan occupation forces positioned in the regions of Tajalit At-talah and Guerat Uld Blal, in the sectors of Um Dreiga and Mahbes, respectively.[82]
  • 24 November: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have carried out new attacks against the positions and entrenchments of the Moroccan forces at various points of the Moroccan wall, in the Fadrat Al-maras region in the Hauza sector.[83]
  • 25 November: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have carried out new attacks against the positions and entrenchments of the Moroccan forces at various points of the Moroccan wall, in Sabjat Tanuchad and Guerat Uld Blal regions in Mahbes sector.[84]
  • 1 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have carried out new attacks against positions of the Moroccan forces along the Moroccan wall, in the region of Tajalit At-Talah in Um Dreiga sector, Udey Adamrán in Mahbes and the command of the 43rd Regiment located in the Amitir Lemkhinza region, in Mahbes.[85]
  • 2 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have carried out attacks on Moroccan forces entrenched in the Laagad and Guerat ULD Blal areas, both in the Mahbes sector.[86]
  • 3 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched bombardments at Moroccan positions, in the regions of Um Dagan and Fadrat Almars, in the Bagari and Hauza sectors, respectively.[87]
  • 4 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched bombardments at Moroccan positions, in the regions of Agrarat al-Atása and the Udey Damrán, Mahbes sector, as well as the regions of Tajalat Talh and Steilat Uld Bugrein in the Um Dreiga and Auserd sectors, respectively.[88]
  • 5 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have carried out new attacks against the Moroccan forces in the sectors of Hauza, Umdrega, Awsard and Mahbes.[89]
  • 6 December: The Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs, José Manuel Albares, reaffirmed his country's commitment to the relaunch of the dialogue to resolve the conflict in Western Sahara.[90]
  • 7 December: Brahim Ghali, affirmed in a letter he addressed to the UN Secretary General, António Guterres, that "[the Polisario] will not engage in any peace process while the Moroccan state continues imposing its reign on the Saharawi civilians in the occupied territories of Western Sahara."[91]
  • 8 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched new attacks against various targets of the Moroccan forces at different points of their positions throughout from the Moroccan Wall.[92]
  • 9 December: Brahim Ghali, affirmed to the Polisario's official news agency that "the Polisario will not adhere to any peace process at a time when Morocco imposes its regime on the occupied Sahrawi territories".[93]
  • 10 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have carried out attacks on FAR base 14 and destroyed its radar in the regions of Guerat ULD Blal, Udey Damrán and Udey Emarkba, the Mahbes sector, and reached the area of Fadrat Aaach in the Hauza sector.[94]
  • 11 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have carried out new attacks against positions of the Moroccan forces in Galb Nass and Aadeim Umajlud in the Hauza and Auserd sectors, respectively and bombarded the northern area of Dirit located in the Hauza sector.[95]
  • 12 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched bombardments at the regions of Galb Nass and Aadeim Umajlud in the Hauza and Auserd sectors.[96] According to the Polisario's official news agency, Brahim Ghali, said during a speech in the Dakhla refugee camp in Tindouf, Algeria that "the Moroccan occupier is the origin of the conflict in El Guerguerat given the assaults he committed against the Sahrawi people."[97]
  • 13 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have bombed the regions of Laagad, Grarat Alfarsik and Asteilat ULD Bugrein in the Mahbes and Auserd sectors, respectively.[98]
  • 14 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched concentrated bombardments against Moroccan positions in the regions of Rus Bin Zakka, Dirit, Al-Aidiyat and Rus Bin Amera, in the sectors of Hauza, Guelta and Farsía, respectively.[99]
  • 15 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched concentrated bombardments against the positions and entrenchments of the Moroccan forces in the regions of Gararat Al-Firsik and Rus Asabti, in the Mahbes sector.[100]
  • 16 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have carried out new attacks against positions of the Moroccan forces along the Moroccan wall, in the regions of Udeyat Achadida, Taraganit, Lagteitira, Lagseibi Lamlas and Asteilat Uld Bugrein in the Farsía, Hauza and Auserd sectors.[101]
  • 17 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have carried out new attacks against positions of the Moroccan forces along the Moroccan wall, in the regions of Udey Damrán and Udey Amarkba in the Mahbes sector.[102]
  • 18 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have carried out new attacks against positions of the Moroccan forces in the Agseiby Najla, Rass Lagseibi, Fadrat Almars and Alatása in the Hauza and Mahbes sectors, respectively.[103]
  • 19 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have carried out intensive attacks targeting Moroccan soldiers in the regions of Targanat, Russ Arbeib, Al ga'aa, Lagteitira, Aadeim Um Ajlud, Aadeim Um Ajlud, Sabjat Tanuchad and allegedly bombed the headquarters of the Royal Moroccan Army's 43rd regiment in the Ameitir Lamjeinza, in the Hauza, Auserd and Mahbes sectors.[104]
  • 20 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have carried out new attacks against positions of the Moroccan forces in the regions of Hafrat Achiaf, Galb An-nas and Gararat Al-Firsik in the sectors of Bagari, Auserd and Mahbes, respectively.[105]
  • 21 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have concentrated their attacks against Moroccan forces in Fadrat Labeir, Fadrat Al-Ich, Taraganit, Galb An-nas, Asteilat Uld Bugrein, Udei Adamran and Udei Um Rakba regions in the sectors of Farsía, Hauza, Auserd and Mahbes.[106]
  • 22 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have attacked several positions of the Moroccan forces along the Moroccan wall in Laagad, Sabjat Tanuchad and Um Dagan regions, in the Mahbes and Bagari sectors, respectively.[107]
  • 23 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have bombed Moroccan positions in the Fadrat Abruk region, Hauza sector[108]
  • 24 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have attacked several positions of the Moroccan forces along the Moroccan wall, in Tuayil area in the Umdreiga sector.[109]
  • 25 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have carried out new attacks against the entrenchments of the Moroccan forces in the area of Fadrat Alaaach, in the Hauza sector, and Russ Sabti in the Mahbes sector.[110]
  • 26 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have attacked several positions of the Moroccan forces along the Moroccan wall, in the Russ Sabti and Udey Amarkba areas, both in the Mahbes sector.[111]
  • 27 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have intensified their attacks on the entrenchments of the Moroccan forces in the two regions of Astila Ould Boukrine and Kelb Ennes in the Ausard sector, and in Akouira Ould Ablal in the Mahbes sector.[112]
  • 28 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have attacked several positions of the Moroccan forces along the Moroccan wall, in Edeim Umm Jlud region, Auserd sector in addition to Rus Sabbti and Cheidmia, in the Mahbes sector.[113]
  • 29 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have attacked several positions of the Moroccan forces, in the Rus Udei Adamran regions, in Mahbes, and the Adeim Um Ajlud region, in Auserd.[114]
  • 30 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have concentrated their attacks against the Moroccan forces in the regions of Fadrat Lagrab, Rus Fadrat Lagrab, Rus Fadrat Dirit, Rus Arbeiyab Al-Geya, Rus Lagteitra and Fadrat Taraganit, in the Hauza sector.[115] The commander of the SPLA, Mohamed Luali Akeik, stated that "[the SPLA] will continue its mission of fighting until achieving independence and establishing total sovereignty over Western Sahara."[116]
  • 31 December: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have carried out attacks on the areas of Lagseiby Lamlas, Lagseiby Kassar and the area of Lamkeitab, both in the Hauza sector and the Sabjat Tanuchad area in the Mahbes sector.[117]

2022[edit]

  • 1 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have bombarded the 43rd regiment of the Moroccan Army in the Amitir Lemkhinza region, and carried out attacks on the Laâked area in the Mahbes sector.[118]
  • 2 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have carried out new attacks in Ahreichat Dirit and Udey Damran regions in the Hauza and Mahbes sectors, respectively.[119]
  • 3 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have carried out new attacks against the Moroccan forces in Oudi Edamrane area in the Mahbas sector.[120]
  • 4 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched new attacks against the entrenchments of the Moroccan forces in the Laagad region, Mahbes sector.[121]
  • 5 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have concentrated their bombardments against Moroccan forces positioned in the Rus Bin Amera region, in the Farsia region, as well as the regions of Laagad, Udei Adamran, Gararat Al-Firsik and Sabjat Tanuchad, in the Mahbes sector. The SPLA also reportedly carried outbombardments against the 65th regiment's command post in the Laagad region.[122]
  • 6 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have concentrated their bombardments on the regions of Bin Zakka, Rus Lagseibiyin and Fadrat Al-Ich in the Hauza sector.[123]
  • 7 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have bombed the areas of Udey Damrán, Sabjat Tanuchad, Russ Sabti, Grarat Afarsik and Guerat ULD Blal in the Mahbes sector.[124]
  • 8 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have bombed the region of Sabjat Tanuchad, in the Mahbes sector.[125]
  • 9 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have bombed the regions of Grarat Alfarsik and Galb Nass in the Mahbes and Auserd sectors, respectively.[126]
  • 10 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have bombed the regions of Fadrat Lagrab, Fadrat Al-Ich and Rus Asabti, in the sectors of Hauza and Mahbes, respectively.[127] The representative of the Polisario Front to the United Nations, Sidi Mohamed Omar, affirmed that "the Saharawi side is willing to cooperate with the efforts of the United Nations and the African Union to achieve a peaceful and lasting solution to the conflict".[128]
  • 11 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have concentrated their bombardments against Moroccan forces in the regions of Jangat Huría, Rus Udei As-sfaa and Gararat Lahdid, in the Smara and Farsía sectors, respectively.[129]
  • 12 January: The SPLA, claimed through its official news agency that their units carried out concentrated attacks against the entrenchments of the Moroccan forces in the Fadrat Al-Mars region, in the Hauza and the regions of Um Lagsa and Acheidmiya, in the Mahbes sector. The latter region had several vehicles and military equipment destroyed in the attacked base, including a Katyusha rocket launcher.[130]
  • 13 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have bombed the regions of Rus Faraa Udei As-sfaa, Fadrat Al-Ich, Guerat Uld Blal and Sabjat Tanuchad in the regions of Hauza and Mahbes.[131] The United Nations Personal Envoy for Western Sahara, Staffan de Mistura visited Rabat to meet Nasser Bourita, the Moroccan Minister of Foreign Affairs and Omar Hilale, Morocco's Permanent Ambassador to the United Nations, as part of the UN efforts to promote negotiations between the parties in conflict and a solution to the dispute. Morocco reiterated its position that Morocco has full sovereignty over Western Sahara.[132]
  • 14 January: The SPLA, claimed through its official news agency to launched bombardments at the Moroccan army's 43rd battalion command headquarters in the Umeitir Lamjeinza area, and at Moroccan positions stationed in the areas of Agrarat Al-Farsik and Russ Sabti, both in the Mahbes sector.[133]
  • 15 January: The UN Personal Envoy for Western Sahara, Staffan de Mistura visited Algers and the Saharawi refugee camps in Tindouf, as part of the UN efforts to promote negotiations between the parties in conflict and a solution to the dispute. de Mistura met high-ranking officials of the Polisario Front, and the Secretary General of the Polisario Front, Brahim Ghali.[134][135][136] Sidi Mohamed Omar, stated that "he does not expect much from de Mistura's visit, considering it a contact visit with the authorities of the parties in the conflict, (namely the SADR and Morocco), not in negotiation."[137] Omar later stated that "[the Polisario front] no longer sees the self-determination referendum as a possible solution, but cling to their legitimate right to full independence for Western Sahara".[138] During his visit to the Tindouf camps, de Mistura was photographed with a child soldier serving for the Polisario Front,[139] this caused widespread controversy and indignation, the UN Press Secretary later denied that de Mistura noticing the child soldier.[140][141] The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched bombardments in the Umeitir Lamjeinza area, and at Moroccan positions stationed in the Agrarat Al-Farsik and Russ Sabti areas, both in the Mahbes sector.[142]
  • 16 January: De Mistura met with the head of the Political Organization of the Polisario Front, Khatri Addouh, in Dar Diafa, Shahid Al Hafed. The chief negotiator affirmed that UN should seek peaceful settlement based on failure of past approaches.[143] Later, he was received by Brahim Ghali in his office at the Saharawi Presidency with the presence of the Polisario representative at the UN, Sidi Mohamed Omar.[144] The President of the CONASADH, Abba El-Haissan, warned about UN Failure to protect international humanitarian and human rights laws in Western Sahara.[145] The SPLA said that it had launched new attacks on military targets in the Mahbes sector.[146] The Chief of Staff of the Saharawi Army, Mohamed Luali Akeik, said that the conflict continues despite the fact that Morocco denied it.[147]
  • 17 January: De Mistura concluded his peacekeeping visit, heading to Nouakchott on his third stop, as part of his first tour to the region.[148] The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have attacked the positions of the Moroccan forces in the Gararat Achadida and Gararat Lahdid regions, in the Farsía sector.[149]
  • 18 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have carried out bombardments on the Fadrat Al-Ich and Adeim Um Ajlud regions, in the Hauza and Auserd sectors, respectively.[150]
  • 19 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched bombardments against the positions of the Moroccan forces in the Gararat Al-Firsik and Udei Adamran regions, in the Mahbes sector.[151]
  • 20 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched concentrated attacks against the positions of the Moroccan forces along the Moroccan Wall, in the Galb An-nas and Ahreichat Dirit regions, in the Auserd and Hauza sectors, respectively.[152]
  • 21 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched bombardments in the areas of Laagad, Guerat ULD Blal and Fadrat Lagráb in the Mahbes and Hauza sectors, respectively.[153]
  • 22 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched bombardments on the Russ Sabti and Agrarat Al-Farsik areas and on Moroccan troops stationed in the Udey Damran area, both in the Mahbes sector.[154]
  • 23 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched bombings on Fadrat Lagraab, Galb Nass and Agrarat Al-Farsik regions in the Hauza, Auserd and Mahbes sectors, respectively.[155]
  • 24 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have made attacks on Laagad, Tanuchad and Agrarat Al-Farsik in the Mahbes sector.[156]
  • 25 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have attacked the Moroccan positions at various points of the Moroccan Wall, in the Guerat ULD Blal region in Mahbes sector.[157]
  • 26 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched shelling against Moroccan forces in the Sabjat Tanuchad and Um Dagan regions, in the Mahbes and Bagari sectors, respectively.[158]
  • 27 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have bombarded Moroccan positions in the Sabjat Tanuchad and Gararat Al-Firsik regions, in the Mahbes sector.[159] In his speech, Brahim Ghali blamed "the Moroccan State for the serious events that threaten peace and security in the region".[160]
  • 28 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched bombardments in the Fadrat Laach and Russ Dirit areas, both in the Hauza sector.[161]
  • 29 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched bombardments in the Farsía sector, and the Galb Nass and Fadrat Tamát regions in the Auserd and Hauza sectors, respectively.[162]
  • 30 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched bombardments in the areas of Sabjat Tanuchad and Udey Damrán, both in the Mahbes sector.[163]
  • 31 January: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have attacked the positions of Moroccan forces in the regions of Laagad, Steilat Uld Bugerin and Um Dagan, in the sectors of Mahbes, Auserd and Bagari, respectively.[164]
  • 1 February: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched bombings at the command post of the Moroccan army's 65th regiment in Laagad, as well as several targets in the Aagad Arkan region, in Mahbes.[165]
  • 2 February: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have concentrated their attacks against the Moroccan forces positioned in the Agsibi An-Najla, Agseibi Amchagab and Lagseibi Lamlas, in the Hauza sector and the Sabjat Tanuchad, Udei Adamran and Laaran regions, in Mahbes.[166]
  • 3 February: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched bombings against the Moroccan forces positioned in the Fadrat Al-Ich and Fadrat Lagrab regions.[167]
  • 4 February: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched bombing attacks on Moroccan positions in the Russ Arbeib, Russ Lagteitira and Russ Turkanat regions in the Hauza sector.[168]
  • 5 February: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched bombardments on Moroccan positions in the regions of Sabjat Tanuchad and Laagad in the Mahbes sector, and Russ Arbeib, Russ Lagteitira and Russ Turkanat in the Hauza sector.[169]
  • 6 February: During the 35th Summit of African Union Heads of State and Government held in Addis Ababa, Brahim Ghali informed African leaders of "the dangerous developments recorded in Western Sahara after the end of ceasefire", He compares "the practices pursued by Morocco [against Sahrawi people] to those practiced by the Israeli occupation against the Palestinian people".[170][171] The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have carried out new attacks against positions of the Moroccan forces in the regions of Chadimiya and Rous Es-sebti in the Mahbas sector, as well as in the region of Laksibi Lamlas in the Hawza sector.[172]
  • 7 February: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have targeted the entrenchments of Moroccan soldiers in several regions of the Hawza sector, including the regions of Rous Benzekka, Lemkiteb and Rous Terkanet.[173]
  • 8 February: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched heavy bombardments against various positions along the Moroccan Wall, in the Gararat Achadida and Gararat Lahdid regions in the Farsía sector, and the Gararat Al-Firsik, Udei Adamran, Laagad and Udei Um Rakba regions in the Mahbes sector.[174]
  • 9 February: The SADR Ministry of Defense issued a war report summarising the combat operations that have been carried out by the SPLA in the first week of February, including a list of a total 12 Moroccan human losses.[175] The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched concentrated bombardments in the Lagseibi Lamlas region, in Hauza, as well as in the Um Lagta and Sabjat Tanucahd regions, in Mahbes.[176]
  • 10 February: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have concentrated their attacks against the entrenchments of Moroccan forces in the Gararat Al-Firsik, Um Dagan, Rus Taraganit and Fadrat Labeir regions in the Mahbes, Bagari, Hauza and Farsia sectors, respectively.[177]
  • 11 February: A senior military official in the Sixth Military Region of the SPLA told the Polisario Front's official news agency that there were 8 Moroccan losses in early February 2022 near Mahbes. Morocco allegedly stated that the cause of these deaths was due to COVID-19 or other causes.[178] The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched bombing attacks on Moroccan positions in the Agseiby Najla and Agseibi Amchagab regions in the Hauza sector.[179]
  • 12 February: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched bombardments in the regions of Udey Adamrán and Agrarat Al-Farsik in the Mahbes sector, and the Tandkama Al-Bayda area, Um Dreiga sector.[180]
  • 13 February: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched bombardments in Laagad, Sabjat Tanuchad and Lamkeitab regions in the Mahbes and Hauza sectors, respectively.[181]
  • 14 February: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have attacked the regions of Galb An-nas, Tandakma Al-Beida and Guerat Uld Blal in the Auserd, Um Dreiga and Mahbes sectors, respectively.[182]
  • 15 February: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched several attacks against the Moroccan forces in the Udei Adamran, Fadrat Tamat and Sahab Achadida in the Mahbes, Hauza and Farsía sectors, respectively.[183]
  • 18 February: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched bombing attacks on Moroccan positions in the Um Dagan area in the Bagari sector.[184]
  • 19 February: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched bombardments on Moroccan positions in the regions of Al-Aría, Lairán, Aagad Argán, Guerat ULD Blal and the 65th regiment's command headquarters of the Moroccan army in Laaked, Mahbes sector, as well as the Russ Lagteitira and Um Dagan regions in the Hauza and Bagari sectors, respectively.[185]
  • 20 February: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched bombing attacks on Moroccan positions in the Sabjat Tanuchad, Lagseibi Lamlas and Legseibi Al-Kasir and Aadeim Um Ajlud, in the Mahbes, Hauza and Auserd sectors, respectively.[186]
  • 21 February: The SPLA claimed through its official news agency to have launched bombing attacks on Moroccan positions in the Russ Targánat region in the Hauza sector.[187]
  • 22 February: SPLA launched new attacks in the Mahbes sector, against the entrenchments of the Moroccan forces in the regions of Gararat Al-Firsik and Udei Um Rakba.[188]
  • 23 February: SPLA launched heavy shelling against the entrenchments of the Moroccan forces in Rus Asabti region, in the Mahbes sector and in the Amagli Adachra and Amagli Labgar regions, in the Amgala sector.[189]
  • 24 February: SPLA attacked Moroccan forces positioned in the Tandakma Al-Beida and Um Dagan regions, in the Bagari sector and in the Azamul Um Jamla region, in Um Dreiga. In addition, SPLA attacked Moroccan forces entrenched in the Gararat Al-Atasa region, as well as the 43rd regiment's command base in the Ameitir Lamjeinza region, in the Mahbes sector.[190]
  • 25 February: SPLA bombarded Moroccan positions in the areas of Laagad, Guerta Uld Blal, Sabjat Tanuchad and Russ Udey Damràn, in the Mahbes sector, as well as the Tandagma Albeida region, in the Bagari sector.[191]
  • 26 February: SPLA launched bombing attacks on Moroccan positions in the Grarat Alfarsik and Udey Emarkba areas, in the Mahbes sector.[192]
  • 27 February: SPLA bombarded Moroccan positions in the Rus Acheidmiya and Udey Damràn areas, in the Mahbes sector.[193]
  • 28 February: SPLA attacked Moroccan positions in the Guerat Uld Blal and Sabjat Tanuchad regions, in the Mahbes sector, and in the Adeim Um Ajlud region, in Auserd sector.[194]
  • 1 March: SPLA attacked Moroccan forces in the Udei Um Rkba and Gararat Al-Firsik regions, in the Mahbes sector.[195]
  • 2 March: SPLA bombarded Moroccan positions in the Gasbat Achuhada and Gararat Al-Arabi regions, in the Atweizegui sector and the Amheibas At-tarab, Aagad Aragan and Laaran, in the Mahbes sector.[196]
  • 3 March: SPLA bombarded Moroccan positions in the Gararat Al-Firsik region, in the Mahbes sector.[197]
  • 4 March: SPLA bombarded the 43rd regiment's command base of the Moroccan army in the Ameitir Lamjeinza region, in the Mahbes sector, and neutralized a Moroccan BM-21 Grad artillery battery.[198]
  • 5 March: SPLA attacked Moroccan forces in the areas of Guerat Uld Blal and Sabjat Tanuchad, in the Mahbes sector.[199]
  • 6 March: SPLA launched bombardments on Moroccan positions located in the Guerat Uld Blal, Sabjat Tanuchad, Grarat Alfarsik, Amheibas Tedrib, Aagad Argàn, Laaràn, Agseibat Shuhadà and Grarat Alaarbi in the Mahbes and Tuizgui sectors, respectively.[200]
  • 7 March: SPLA launched bombardments on Moroccan positions located in the Grarat Chdeida, Russ Sueihat and Taraf Ahmeida areas, in the Farsía sector and in the Fadrat Laach area in the Hauza sector, as well as in Um Lagta and Laagad, in the Mahbes sector.[201]
  • 8 March: SPLA bombarded the entrenchments of the Moroccan forces in the Guerat Uld Blal, Laagad, Sabjat Tanuchad, Gararat Al-Firsik and Um Lagti regions in the Mahbes sector.[202]
  • 9 March: SPLA carried out new attacks against the Moroccan forces positioned in the Laagad region, in the Mahbes sector.[203]
  • 11 March: SPLA launched bombardments on Moroccan positions located in the Grarat Alfarsik and Udey Damràn regions, in the Mahbes sector.[204]
  • 12 March: SPLA launched bombardments on Moroccan positions located in the Russ Cheidmiya and Udey Amarkba areas, in the Mahbes sector.[205]
  • 13 March: SPLA launched bombardments on Moroccan positions located in the Grarat Chdeida and Alfieín regions, in the Farsìa sector.[206]
  • 14 March: SPLA bombarded Moroccan positions in the Gararat Achadida, Gararat Lahdid and Al-Faiyin regions, in the Farsía sector, as well as in the Tanuchad region, in the Mahbes sector.[207]
  • 15 March: SPLA attacked Moroccan forces in the Guerat Uld Blal region, in the Mahbes sector.[208]
  • 16 March: SPLA attacked Moroccan forces positioned in the Garart Achadida, Ajbeilat Aljadar and Gararat Al-Firsik regions in the Farsía, Guelta and Mahbes sectors, respectively.[209]
  • 17 March: SPLA launched bombardments on Moroccan forces located in the Rus Asabti and Udei Adamrán regions, in the Mahbes sector.[210]
  • 19 March: SPLA launched new attacks in the Grarat Chdeid, Jbeilat Aljadar and Grarat Al-Farsik areas in the Farsía, Guelta and Mahbes sectors.[211]
  • 19 March: SPLA bombarded Moroccan positions in the Laagad area in the Mahbes sector.[212]
  • 20 March: SPLA launched bombardments on Moroccan positions located in the Guerat Uld Blal area in the Mahbes sector.[213]
  • 21 March: SPLA launched bombardments on Moroccan positions located in the Ajbeilat Aljadar area in the Guelta sector.[214]
  • 22 March: SPLA bombarded Moroccan positions in the Acheidmiya, Rus Asabti and Udei Adamran regions, in the Mahbes sector.[215]
  • 23 March: SPLA launched bombing attacks on Moroccan positions in the Rus Ajbeilat Lajdar, Laagad, Guerat Uld Blal and Sabjat Tanuchad regions, in the Mahbes and Guelta sectors, respectively.[216]
  • 24 March: SPLA attacked Moroccan positions in the Udei Um Rakba region, in the Mahbes sector.[217]
  • 25 March: SPLA bombarded Moroccan positions in the Laagad and Guerat Uld Blal, in the Mahbes sector.[218]
  • 26 March: SPLA attacked Moroccan positions in the Grarat Alfarsik, Udey Damrà and Russ sabti regions, in the Mahbes sector and in the Amagli Dachra and Amigli Alhàra regions, in the Guelta sector.[219]
  • 27 March: SPLA launched bombardments on Moroccan forces located in the Um lagta, Russ Cheidmiya, Grarata Chdeida, Grarat Lahdid and Ajbeilat Albid regions in the Mahbes, Farsía and Guelta sectors, respectively.[220]
  • 28 March: SPLA launched bombardments against Moroccan positions located in the Guerat Uld Blal region, Laagad, and Gaarat Al-Firsik, in the Mahbes sector, as well as in the regions of Taref Hamida, Rus Asweihat and Gararat Achadida, in the Farsia sector.[221]
  • 2 April: SPLA launched bombardments against Moroccan positions in the Laagaad and Grarat Alfarsik areas, both in the Mahbes sector.[222]
  • 3 April: SPLA launched bombardments against Moroccan positions in the Udey Damràn area in the Mahbes sector.[223]
  • 4 April: SPLA launched launched bombardments on Moroccan forces in the Kaydiat area, Um Dreiga sector.[224]
  • 6 April: SPLA launched bombardments against Moroccan positions in the Gararat Lahdid and Gararat Achadida regions, in Farsia sector.[225]
  • 7 April: SPLA attacked Moroccan forces positioned in The Rus Asabti and Guerat Uld Blal regions in the Mahbes sector, as well as the special intervention group's general headquarters of the 47th Battalion, in the Um Dagan region, Um Dagan sector.[226]
  • 8 April: SPLA launched bombardments against Moroccan forces in the areas of Udey Damràn and Laagad, both in the Mahbes sector.[227]
  • 10 April: Moroccan forces reportedly killed three Algerian citizens in an airstrike on a truck convoy close to Ain Ben Tili, Mauritania.[228] https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/algeria-says-morocco-attacked-truck-convoys-border-area-2022-04-12/
  • 11 April: SPLA attacked Moroccan forces positioned in the regions of Ajbeilat Albid, Lemsamir, Gararat Al-Arabi, Gasbat Achuhada and Rus Asabti, in the sectors of Guelta, Atweizegui and Mahbes, respectively.[229]
  • 12 April: SPLA launched bombardments against Moroccan positions in the regions of Fadrat Al-Mars, north of Galb Dirit, Al-Ariya and Amheibas At-tadrib, in the Hauza and Mahbes sectors, respectively.[230]
  • 13 April: SPLA launched bombardments against Moroccan positions in the Gararat Al-Firsik and Udei Adamran regions, in the Mahbes sector.[231]

Non-military actions taken by Morocco and the SADR[edit]

On 13 November, both Morocco and the SADR introduced mass mobilisation.[19][20] The SADR evacuated civilians from the Guerguerat area[48] and introduced a curfew in the territories under its control.[54]

Official statements[edit]

Morocco

On 13 November, the Authenticity and Modernity Party, the Party of Progress and Socialism, the Popular Movement Party, and the Independence Party voiced their support for the Moroccan military intervention.[232] The next day, the House of Representatives of Morocco issued a statement, stressing that the military intervention was legitimate.[233] On 16 November, King of Morocco, Mohammed VI, stated that Morocco will take necessary measures to "keep order and protect safety and fluidity of passenger and commercial traffic in the border area between Morocco and Mauritania", adding that the UN for failed in its "laudable attempts to end the unacceptable acts of the Polisario".[234] Also, Morocco's prime minister, Saadeddine Othmani, stated the operation led by the Moroccan forces was a strategic change to open the route in the Mauritania border.[235]

SADR

On 16 November, SADR's minister of foreign affairs Mohamed Salem Ould Salek stated that the end of the war was now linked to the "end of the illegal occupation of parts of the territory of the Sahrawi Republic", and that the war had started as a "consequence of Morocco's aggression and action in Guerguerat".[236]

Domestic reactions[edit]

Morocco

On 13 November, Sahrawi sources stated that there were mass protests in Laayoune, the unofficial capital of Western Sahara, which is de facto administered by Morocco, against the clashes.[237] The Moroccan media denied these claims, stating that the city's population was in support of the Moroccan forces, citing Laayoune's mayor.[238] Despite that, the NGO media outlet Équipe Media reported that the Moroccan government was exercising a strong police force, and had arrested several activists.[239] The next day, the same source stated that the Moroccan security forces had arrested several demonstrators in Smara.[240]

On 14 November, some Sahrawi tribal leaders issued a joint statement in support of the Moroccan intervention to restore free movement in Guerguerat.[241] More than fifty riders from the Moroccan Bikers Club and the Royal Petanque Club organized on 27 December until 3 January 2021 a trip from Casablanca to the Guerguerat border crossing in a way to express their support for the Moroccan army's move to secure the crossing.[242]

Sahrawi self-determination activist Sultana Khaya describes Moroccan control of the Western Sahara as an occupation and has called for the United States to intensify diplomatic pressure on Morocco in favor of self-determination.[243] She has been under de facto house arrest since November 2020 and subject to repeated home raids and sexual assault by Moroccan security forces, as reported by a number of international human rights organizations.[244][245][246]

International reactions[edit]

Supranational and regional organizations

The Secretary-General of the United Nations, António Guterres,[247] and the chairperson of the African Union Commission, Moussa Faki, expressed their grave concern over the conflict, with Faki stating "[The] Saharan issue has gone on for a long time and it has become urgent to solve it as a case of decolonization in the first place and to support the UN efforts in this regard."[248][249] The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Josep Borrell, stated that the EU was supporting the efforts of the United Nations to find a peaceful settlement for the conflict, per the Security Council resolutions, and stressing the insurance of freedom of movement in Guerguerat.[250] The secretary-general of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Yousef Al-Othaimeen, and the secretary-general of the Gulf Cooperation Council, Nayef bin Falah Al-Hajraf, stated that they support Morocco's efforts to what they called "securing freedom of civil and commercial movement."[251][252] On 20 November, the Chairperson of the African Union and President of the Republic of South Africa, Cyril Ramaphosa, wrote a letter to the United Nations Security Council that called for "all the parties to uphold the Settlement Plan, which provides for 'a cease-fire' and the holding of a referendum for the people of Western Sahara to exercise their right to self-determination."[253] The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization released a statement voicing its support for Western Sahara and condemned Morocco's "unlawful assertion" of sovereignty over Western Sahara.[254]

Countries

Azerbaijan,[255] Bahrain,[256] the Central African Republic,[257] Comoros,[257] the Democratic Republic of the Congo,[258] Chad,[259][260] Djibouti,[261] Equatorial Guinea,[262] Gabon,[263][261] the Gambia,[264] Haiti,[265] Jordan,[266] Kuwait,[267] Liberia,[268] Oman,[269] Qatar,[270] São Tomé and Príncipe,[257] Saudi Arabia,[271] Senegal,[272] Sierra Leone,[273] Turkey,[274] Yemen (Hadi government),[275] and the United Arab Emirates[276] voiced their support for Morocco, while Guyana withdrew its recognition of the SADR.[277]

The Foreign Ministry of the State of Palestine said it "does not interfere in the internal affairs of the brotherly Arab countries".[278] Egypt,[261] Mauritania,[279] Russia,[280] and Spain[281] have all urged both parties to respect the ceasefire.

South Africa, Algeria and several other states[who?] backed the Polisario Front, accused Morocco of violating the ceasefire and urged the UN to appoint a new Western Sahara envoy to restart talks.[282] Algeria also sent 60 tons of food and medical aid to the refugees in Western Sahara.[283] On the other hand, Spain's second deputy prime minister Pablo Iglesias Turrión,[284] Cuba,[285] and Venezuela[286] have stated that they supported the right to self-determination of the Sahrawis.

Minorities abroad[edit]

Sahrawis

On 15 November, a group of Sahrawis staged a rally in front of the Moroccan consulate in Valencia, Spain. The protestors dismantled the flag of Morocco from the consulate, raising the SADR's flag over the building.[287][288] Spain[289] and Morocco[290] condemned the incident.

Analysis[edit]

According to International Crisis Group's Portuguese analytic Riccardo Fabiani, the conflict could be a "potential breaking point that could have major repercussions", adding that the United Nations had been quite negligent towards this issue.[38]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Number of victims according to the International Crisis Group during the first week of combat. The United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara has decided, at present, not to share information on the victims or the injured, according to its spokesperson.[5]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Morocco's Armed Forces 'Completely Secure' Guerguerat Border Crossing". Morocco World News. 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  2. ^ "Why is the Western Sahara conflict heating up?". France 24. 6 November 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  3. ^ "Sahara occidental: trois Algériens tués dans un bombardement attribué au Maroc". LExpress.fr (in French). 3 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  4. ^ "Time for International Re-engagement in Western Sahara". Crisis Group. 11 March 2021. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  5. ^ "Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". www.un.org. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  6. ^ "Regional Overview: Africa | 3–9 April 2021". 14 April 2021. Archived from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  7. ^ "ACLED Dashboard".
  8. ^ "Marruecos reconoce "hostigamientos" del Frente Polisario, pero sin víctimas mortales". 14 November 2020.
  9. ^ "Sáhara Occidental – cuadro zonas mapa político-militar" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  10. ^ a b "Polisario Front threatens to end Morocco ceasefire". Middle East Monitor. 12 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  11. ^ a b "Moroccan truckers stuck on Mauritania border urge help". Agence France-Presse. 7 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020 – via Arab News.
  12. ^ a b "Polisario Front Warns Morocco Against Moving Troops Into Buffer Zone". Agence France-Presse. 9 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020 – via Arab News.
  13. ^ a b "Mauritania army reinforces positions along border with Morocco". Middle East Online. 12 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  14. ^ "Morocco launches military operation in Western Sahara". Associated Press. 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  15. ^ "Morocco Launches Military Operation in Western Sahara Buffer Zone". The New York Times. 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  16. ^ "Morocco troops launch operation in Western Sahara border zone". Al Jazeera. 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  17. ^ Karam, Souhail (13 November 2020). "Military Clashes Erupt in Western Sahara After 30-Year Truce". Bloomberg. Retrieved 13 November 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ^ a b "Western Sahara independence group declares war on Morocco". Axios. 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  19. ^ a b Kasraoui, Safaa (13 November 2020). "Morocco Mobilizes Army in Guerguerat in Response to Polisario's Provocations". Morocco World News. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  20. ^ a b c "Morocco Forces Clash With Western Sahara Fighters, Risking Wider War". The Wall Street Journal. 15 November 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  21. ^ "Los ataques del ELPS prosiguen contra las fuerzas enemigas a lo largo del Muro de la Vergüenza". Sahara Press Service (in Spanish). Sahara Press Service. 22 December 2020. Archived from the original on 23 December 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  22. ^ "Moroccan army launches operation in Western Sahara border zone". Arab News. 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  23. ^ a b c Martinez, Marta Rodriguez (17 November 2020). "Western Sahara: Who are the Polisario Front and what do they want?". Euronews. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  24. ^ "Algeria: Western Sahara conflict is a colonialism issue". Middle East Monitor. 16 October 2020. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  25. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (31 July 2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. p. 197. ISBN 9781598843361. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020. Within weeks the war ended in stalemate
  26. ^ Damis, John (1983). "The Western Sahara Conflict: Myths and Realities". Middle East Journal. Middle East Institute. 37 (2): 169–179. JSTOR 4326560. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  27. ^ Besenyő, János (January 2010). "The Occupation of Western Sahara by Morocco and Mauritania" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  28. ^ Zunes, Stephen (4 August 2010). Western Sahara: War, Nationalism, and Conflict Irresolution. Syracuse University Press. pp. 75–79. ISBN 978-0-8156-5258-8. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  29. ^ Sorenson, David (19 April 2018). Interpreting the Middle East: Essential Themes. Taylor & Francis. pp. 222–223. ISBN 978-0-429-97933-0. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  30. ^ "Military Tensions Rise in Morocco-Polisario Western Sahara Conflict". Africanews. 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  31. ^ Belalloufi, Amal (7 February 2017). "Life behind the Sahara desert 'wall of shame'". Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  32. ^ "The United Nations Operation in the Western Sahara". Human Rights Watch. 1 October 1995. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  33. ^ Abdelaziz, Salma (10 November 2010). "Deadly clashes reported in disputed Western Sahara". CNN News. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  34. ^ a b c Paget, Sharif; McCluskey, Mitchell (15 November 2020). "Deadly clashes reported in disputed Western Sahara". CNN News. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  35. ^ "Non-Self-Governing Territories". United Nations. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  36. ^ Belalloufi, Amal (14 November 2020). "The Western Sahara conflict reignites". The North Africa Journal. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  37. ^ Popoviciu, Andrei (18 November 2020). "The failed diplomacy between Morocco and Polisario". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  38. ^ a b "Morocco troops launch operation in Western Sahara border zone". Al Jazeera. 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  39. ^ "Note to correspondents: Resignation of the Personal Envoy of the Secretary-General for Western Sahara, former President of Germany, Horst Köhler". United Nations. 22 May 2019. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  40. ^ Dahir, Abdi Latif (13 November 2020). "Morocco Launches Military Operation in Western Sahara Buffer Zone". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  41. ^ "Algeria/Western Sahara: Three Dissidents Behind Bars". Human Rights Watch. 16 July 2019. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  42. ^ Dahir, Abdi Latif (14 November 2020). "Western Sahara Ends Truce With Morocco". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  43. ^ "Activistas saharauis bloquean el paso del Guerguerat, principal carretera de conexión con Mauritania". Público (in Spanish). 25 October 2020. Archived from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  44. ^ "Rabat deploys army in WSahara border zone after Polisario warnings". Radio France Internationale. 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020 – via Arab News.
  45. ^ "Maroc : que s'est-il vraiment passé à Guerguerate ?". Jeune Afrique (in French). 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  46. ^ Saleh, Heba (15 November 2020). "MaroWestern Sahara launches attacks on Morocco, ending 30-year truce". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  47. ^ "Fears grow of new Western Sahara war between Morocco and Polisario Front". Reuters. 9 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  48. ^ a b "El ejército de Marruecos y el Frente Polisario intercambian disparos en el sur del Sáhara Occidental". El País (in Spanish). 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  49. ^ "El Frente Polisario acusa a Marruecos de violar el alto el fuego tras la intervención del ejército en una protesta en el Sáhara". Público (in Spanish). 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  50. ^ "El Polisario acusa a Rabat de violar la tregua y responde a una agresión marroquí en el paso de Guerguerata". La Voz de Galicia (in Spanish). 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  51. ^ "Morocco's Army Neutralizes Polisario Attack in Mahbes". Morocco World News. 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  52. ^ "Ceasefire declared over as Morocco launches Western Sahara military operation". Middle East Eye. 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  53. ^ "El Polisario ataca 4 bases y dos puestos de control de Marruecos en el muro". Clarín (in Spanish). 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  54. ^ a b "Marruecos reconoce "hostigamientos" del Frente Polisario, pero sin víctimas mortales". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  55. ^ "Morocco's Armed Forces Respond to Polisario Attacks Along Defense Line". Morocco World News. 15 November 2020. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  56. ^ "Morocco's king warns Polisario after rivals clash in W.Sahara". Arab News. 17 November 2020. Archived from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  57. ^ "Morocco's king warns Polisario after rivals clash in W.Sahara". Arab News. 16 November 2020. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  58. ^ Kasraoui, Safaa (18 November 2020). "Western Sahara: MINURSO Continues to Receive Reports of Shots Fired". Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  59. ^ "Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". www.un.org. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  60. ^ "Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". www.un.org. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  61. ^ a b "Sahara: le Polisario bombarde une zone contrôlée par Rabat, menace d'une "escalade"". Le Point (in French). 24 January 2021. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  62. ^ "Sahara occidental : les indépendantistes du Front Polisario menacent le Maroc d'une "escalade militaire"". Franceinfo (in French). 26 January 2021. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  63. ^ "Las posiciones de las fuerzas de ocupación marroquí continúan siendo blanco de los ataques del ELPS". Sahara Press Service (in Spanish). 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  64. ^ "Le Front Polisario affirme avoir tué trois militaires marocains". Le Monde.fr (in French). 10 February 2021. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021. The Polisario Front claims to have killed three Moroccan soldiers. Rabat has so far neither confirmed nor denied this announcement made by the Saharawi independence movement.
  65. ^ "Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General". United Nations. 1 March 2021. Archived from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  66. ^ "Polisario Says Police Chief Killed In Western Sahara". www.barrons.com. AFP-Agence France Presse. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  67. ^ "Sahara occidental : un chef militaire du Front Polisario tué par un drone marocain". Le Monde.fr (in French). 8 April 2021. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  68. ^ "Nieuwe aanval van Polisario tegen Marokko in Sahara". Bladna.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  69. ^ AfricaNews, Rédaction (17 October 2021). "Western Sahara: Polisario Front leader vows attacks on Morocco will continue". Africanews. Retrieved 19 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  70. ^ "شاهد: "البوليساريو" تسير دوريات قرب منطقة المحبس بعد قصفها مواقع مغربية". euronews (in Arabic). 18 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  71. ^ "Regional Overview: Africa | 13–19 November 2021". 25 November 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  72. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS ejecutan intensos ataques contra las fuerzas de ocupación posicionadas en el sector de Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 17 November 2021. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021.
  73. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS bombardean nuevamente blancos de las fuerzas de ocupación marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 18 November 2021. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021.
  74. ^ "El ELPS realiza bombardeos a las fuerzas enemigas a lo largo del muro militar marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 19 November 2021. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021.
  75. ^ "El presidente Gali afirma: "El pueblo saharaui ha decidido retomar la guerra de liberación para instaurar la soberanía sobre todo el territorio"". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 19 November 2021. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021.
  76. ^ "Fuerzas saharauis realizan bombardeos a guarniciones enemigas ubicadas en las zonas del sector de Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 20 November 2021. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021.
  77. ^ "El Centro RFK llama al CS de la ONU que dote de la MINURSO de un mecanismo de vigilancia de los derechos humanos". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 20 November 2021. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021.
  78. ^ "Nuevos ataques de Fuerzas saharauis a guarniciones enemigas ubicadas en el sector de Hauza". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 21 November 2021. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021.
  79. ^ "El Frente POLISARIO pide retirada de todas las empresas extranjeras del Sáhara Occidental". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 21 November 2021. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021.
  80. ^ "Unidades del ELPS bombardean blancos de las fuerzas de ocupación marroquí en los sectores de Hauza, Bagari y Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 22 November 2021. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021.
  81. ^ "SADR calls on African Commission on Human Rights to end Moroccan crimes in occupied cities". www.spsrasd.info. 22 November 2021. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021.
  82. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS ejecutan nuevos ataques contra las fuerzas de ocupación en los sectores de Mahbes y Um Dreiga". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 23 November 2021. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021.
  83. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS lanzan nuevos ataques contra las fuerzas de ocupación marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 24 November 2021. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021.
  84. ^ "Nuevos ataques del ELPS contra las posiciones y atrincheramientos de las fuerzas de ocupación marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 25 November 2021. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021.
  85. ^ "SPLA units attacks Moroccan occupation forces entrenchments". www.spsrasd.info. 2 December 2021. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021.
  86. ^ "El ELPS continúa hostigando guarniciones y atrincheramientos de las fuerzas de ocupación marroquí a lo largo del muro". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 3 December 2021. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021.
  87. ^ "Unidades del ejército saharaui realizan bombardeos al sector de Hauza y Bagari". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 3 December 2021. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021.
  88. ^ "El ELPS continúa hostigando las FAR en sectores de Hauza, Auserd y Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 4 December 2021. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021.
  89. ^ "SPLA targets Moroccan occupation forces in several sectors". www.spsrasd.info. 5 December 2021. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021.
  90. ^ "Spain reaffirms its commitment to relaunch of dialogue in Western Sahara". www.spsrasd.info. 6 December 2021. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021.
  91. ^ "President of the Republic: POLISARIO will not engage in any peace process while the occupying state continues to impose its reign of terror on the Sahrawi Occupied Territories". www.spsrasd.info. 7 December 2021. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021.
  92. ^ "SPLA launch new attacks against Moroccan occupation forces positions". www.spsrasd.info. 8 December 2021. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021.
  93. ^ "We won't adhere to any peace process in view of continuation of Moroccan terrorism, UN silence". www.spsrasd.info. 9 December 2021. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021.
  94. ^ "Unidades del ejército saharaui destruyen una base y un radar en el sector de Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 10 December 2021. Archived from the original on 10 December 2021.
  95. ^ "El ejército saharaui continúa con sus bombardeos a guarniciones y atrincheramientos de las fuerzas de ocupación a lo largo del muro militar marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 11 December 2021. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021.
  96. ^ "Fuerzas saharauis continúan hostigando las fuerzas de ocupación a lo largo del muro militar marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 12 December 2021. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021.
  97. ^ "Moroccan occupier origin of conflict in El Guerguerat". www.spsrasd.info. 12 December 2021. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021.
  98. ^ "El ELPS realiza nuevos bombardeos a posiciones enemigas a lo largo del muro militar marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 13 December 2021. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021.
  99. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS lanzan bombardeos concentrados contra las posiciones de las fuerzas de ocupación marroquí en los sectores de Hauza, Guelta y Farsía". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 14 December 2021. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021.
  100. ^ "El ejército saharaui concentra sus bombardeos contra los soldados de ocupación en el sector de Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 15 December 2021. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021.
  101. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS atacan las posiciones de las fuerzas de ocupación marroquí en varios puntos del Muro de la Vergüenza". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 16 December 2021. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021.
  102. ^ "400 días de bombardeos a las fuerzas de ocupación a lo largo del muro militar marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 17 December 2021. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021.
  103. ^ "El ELPS continúa hostigando las fuerzas de ocupación a lo largo del muro militar marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 18 December 2021. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021.
  104. ^ "El ELPS destruye una base enemiga y continúa hostigando las fuerzas de ocupación a lo largo del muro militar marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 19 December 2021. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021.
  105. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS concentran sus ataques contra las fuerzas de ocupación en las regiones de Hafrat Achiaf, Galb An-nas y Gararat Al-Firsik". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 20 December 2021. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021.
  106. ^ "El ELPS lanza nuevos ataques contra las fuerzas de ocupación en los sectores de Farsía, Hauza, Auserd y Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 21 December 2021. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  107. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS atacan varias posiciones de las fuerzas de ocupación marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 22 December 2021. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021.
  108. ^ "Nuevos ataques del ELPS contra las fuerzas de ocupación marroquí a lo largo del Muro de la Vergüenza". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 23 December 2021. Archived from the original on 23 December 2021.
  109. ^ "New SPLA attacks against Moroccan occupation forces along the Wall of Shame". www.spsrasd.info. 24 December 2021. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021.
  110. ^ "Nuevos ataques del ELPS a las FAR en sectores de Mahbes y Hauza". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 25 December 2021. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021.
  111. ^ "Fuerzas saharauis continúa hostigando las fuerzas de ocupación a lo largo del muro militar marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 26 December 2021. Archived from the original on 27 December 2021.
  112. ^ "SPLA carries out attacks against Moroccan occupation forces in sectors of Mahbes and Awsard". www.spsrasd.info. 27 December 2021. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021.
  113. ^ "SPLA attacks Moroccan occupation in Auserd and Mahbes sectors". www.spsrasd.info. 28 December 2021. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021.
  114. ^ "El ejército saharaui bombardea posiciones de las fuerzas de ocupación marroquí en los sectores de Mahbes y Auserd". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 29 December 2021. Archived from the original on 29 December 2021.
  115. ^ "El ejército saharaui concentra sus ataques de hoy contra las posiciones de las fuerzas de ocupación en los sectores de Hauza y Auserd". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 30 December 2021. Archived from the original on 31 December 2021.
  116. ^ "El Jefe del Estado Mayor asegura que el ELPS continuará su misión hasta lograr la independencia y la soberanía total". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 30 December 2021. Archived from the original on 30 December 2021.
  117. ^ "El ELPS bombardea posiciones enemigas en zonas del sector de Hauza y prosigue hostigando bases y posiciones de las fuerzas enemigas a lo largo del muro militar marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 31 December 2021. Archived from the original on 31 December 2021.
  118. ^ "El ELPS empieza el año con el 415 bombardeo a posiciones de las fuerzas enemigas a lo largo del muro militar marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 1 January 2022. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  119. ^ "Fuerzas saharauis realizan nuevos bombardeos a posiciones enemigas en los sectores de Hauza y Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 2 January 2022. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  120. ^ "New attacks by SPLA against forces of Moroccan occupier". www.spsrasd.info. 3 January 2022. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022.
  121. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS lanzan nuevos ataques contra las fuerzas de ocupación en el sector de Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 4 January 2022. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022.
  122. ^ "El ELPS concentra sus bombardeos contra las fuerzas de ocupación en los sectores de Farsía y Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 5 January 2022. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  123. ^ "El ejército saharaui castiga las posiciones enemigas con bombardeos concentrados sobre el sector de Hauza". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 6 January 2022. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  124. ^ "El ELPS realiza nuevos bombardeos a posiciones del enemigo en Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 7 January 2022. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  125. ^ "El ELPS continúa bombardeando posiciones enemigas en Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 8 January 2022. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  126. ^ "El ELPS continúa con sus bombardeos a guarniciones y atrincheramientos enemigas en sectores de Mahbes y Auserd". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 9 January 2022. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  127. ^ "Nuevos bombardeos del ELPS a posiciones de las FAR a lo largo del muro marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 10 January 2022. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  128. ^ "El Frente POLISARIO está dispuesto a cooperar con los esfuerzos de la UA- ONU para resolver el conflicto, afirma Delegado saharaui ante ONU". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 10 January 2022. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  129. ^ "Unidades del ELPS bombardean intensamente las posiciones de las fuerzas de ocupación marroquí en los sectores de Smara y Farsía". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 11 January 2022. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  130. ^ "El ejército saharaui continúa sus bombardeos concentrados contra las posiciones enemigas en diferentes untos del Muro de la Vergüenza". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 12 January 2022. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  131. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS lanzan ataques concentrados contra las posiciones y atrincheramientos de las fuerzas de ocupación marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 13 January 2022. Archived from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  132. ^ "Sahara : Nasser Bourita s'entretient avec l'envoyé personnel du SG de l'ONU, Staffan de Mistura". Telquel.ma (in French). Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  133. ^ "El ELPS bombardea la sede del mando del 43º batallón de las FAR y otras zonas de Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 14 January 2022. Archived from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  134. ^ "Staffan de Mistura llega este sábado a los Campamentos de la Dignidad". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 14 January 2022. Archived from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  135. ^ "De Mistura será recibido en los Campamentos de Refugiados Saharauis por autoridades saharauis". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  136. ^ "La acogida popular a De Mistura en los Campamentos de Refugiados Saharauis". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  137. ^ "El Frente POLISARIO no espera mucho de la gira del emisario de la ONU a la región, por tratarse de una visita de contacto, no de negociación". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  138. ^ "À De Mistura, le Polisario exige l'indépendance sans même de référendum". Le Desk. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  139. ^ "Des médias sud-américains s'indignent de la présence d'enfants-soldats lors de la visite de De Mistura à Tindouf | MapNews". www.mapnews.ma. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  140. ^ "L'enfant-soldat du Polisario qui entache la visite De Mistura à Tindouf". Le Desk. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  141. ^ "Enfant-soldat à Tindouf: l'ONU affirme que De Mistura n'a rien vu". Le Desk. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  142. ^ "Fuerzas saharauis hostigan las FAR en sector de Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  143. ^ "La ONU debe explorar una solución pacífica basada en la búsqueda de las razones del fracaso de los esfuerzos anteriores". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  144. ^ "Sede de la Presidencia: El presidente de la República Saharaui recibe al Enviado Personal del SG de la ONU". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  145. ^ "Los saharauis están muy lejos de confiar en esfuerzos de la ONU mientras fracasa en la protección del derecho internacional humanitario y los DD.HH, afirma responsable saharaui". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  146. ^ Staff, The New Arab (16 January 2022). "Western Sahara separatists launch attacks on Moroccan army". english.alaraby.co.uk. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  147. ^ "Existe una guerra y proseguirá, a pesar de la negación de Marruecos, ULD Akeik". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  148. ^ "El Enviado Personal del Secretario General de la ONU concluye su visita a los Campamentos y se dirige a Mauritania". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  149. ^ "El ELPS lanza nuevos ataques contra las fuerzas de ocupación marroquí en el sector de Farsía". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  150. ^ "Unidades del ELPS ejecutan intensos bombardeos contra las fuerzas de ocupación en los sectores de Hauza y Auserd". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 18 January 2022. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  151. ^ "El ELPS castiga las posiciones de las fuerzas de ocupación en el sector de Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 19 January 2022. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  152. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS lanzan ataques concentrados contra los atrincheramientos y posiciones de las fuerzas de ocupación marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 20 January 2022. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  153. ^ "El ELPS hostiga las fuerzas de ocupación en Mahbes y Hauza". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 21 January 2022. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  154. ^ "EL ELPS prosigue sus bombardeos a las fuerzas de ocupación a lo largo del muro militar marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 22 January 2022. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  155. ^ "Fuerzas saharauis bombardean posiciones enemigas en Auserd, Hauza y Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 23 January 2022. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  156. ^ "El ELPS continúa hostigando las FAR en el sector de Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 24 January 2022. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  157. ^ "El ejército saharaui intensifica sus ataques contra las bases y guarniciones de las fuerzas de ocupación marroquí a lo largo del Muro de la Vergüenza". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 25 January 2022. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  158. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS atacan las posiciones de las fuerzas de ocupación en las regiones de Sabjat Tanuchad y Um Dagan". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 26 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  159. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS concentran sus ataques contra los soldados enemigos en las regiones de Sabjat Tanuchad y Gararat Al-Firsik". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 27 January 2022. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  160. ^ "El Presidente de la República responsabiliza al Estado ocupante marroquí de los graves acontecimientos que amenazan la paz y la seguridad en la región". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 27 January 2022. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  161. ^ "Fuerzas saharauis llevan a cabo intensos bombardeos contra las FAR en el sector de Hauza". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 28 January 2022. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  162. ^ "Unidades del ELPS bombardean posiciones enemigas en sectores de Auserd, Farsía y Hauza". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 29 January 2022. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  163. ^ "Nuevos ataques del ELPS a posiciones enemigas a lo largo del muro militar marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 30 January 2022. Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
  164. ^ "Unidades del ELPS atacan las posiciones de las fuerzas de ocupación en las regiones de Laagad, Steilat Uld Bugerin y Um Dagan". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 31 January 2022. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  165. ^ "El ELPS ataca blancos de las fuerzas de ocupación marroquí en el sector de Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 1 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  166. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS intensifican sus bombardeos contra los atrincheramientos de las fuerzas de ocupación en los sectores de Mahbes y Hauza". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 2 February 2022. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  167. ^ "Unidades del ELPS lanzan intensos bombardeos contra las regiones de Fadrat Al-Ich y Fadrat Lagrab". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 3 February 2022. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  168. ^ "Fuerzas saharauis realizan bombardeos a posiciones enemigas en el sector de Hauza". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 4 February 2022. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  169. ^ "El ELPS hostiga las fuerzas enemigas a lo largo del muro militar marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 5 February 2022. Archived from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  170. ^ "" الممارسات التي ينتهجها الاحتلال المغربي ضد الشعب الصحراوي شبيهة بتلك التي ينتهجها الاحتلال الإسرائيلي ضد الشعب الفلسطيني " (الرئيس ابراهيم غالي)". www.spsrasd.info (in Arabic). 6 February 2022. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  171. ^ "President of Republic informs African leaders on dangerous developments following Morocco's violation of ceasefire". www.spsrasd.info. 6 February 2022. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  172. ^ "SPLA carries out new attacks against positions of Moroccan occupier in Hawza and Mahbas sectors". www.spsrasd.info. 6 February 2022. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  173. ^ "SPLA targets entrenchments of Moroccan occupation soldiers in Hawza sector". www.spsrasd.info. 7 February 2022. Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  174. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS concentran sus bombardeos contra las posiciones enemigas en los sectores de Farsía y Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 8 February 2022. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  175. ^ "Unidades del ELPS lanzan varias operaciones de combate contra los atrincheramientos de las fuerzas de ocupación a lo largo del Muro de la Vergüenza". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  176. ^ "El ejército ejecuta nuevos ataques contra las posiciones enemigas en los sectores de Hauza y Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  177. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS atacan objetivos del enemigo en los sectores de Mahbes, Hausa, Bagari y Farsía". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 10 February 2022. Archived from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  178. ^ "Marruecos ya no puede seguir ocultando el hecho de una guerra que ya le ha reportado bajas (Militar de Alto Rango)". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 11 February 2022. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  179. ^ "Intensos bombardeos del ELPS a objetivos del enemigo en el sector de Hauza". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 11 February 2022. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  180. ^ "El ELPS continúa bombardeando objetivos del enemigo a lo largo del muro militar marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 12 February 2022. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  181. ^ "La guerra prosigue y el ELPS continúa hostigando posiciones enemigas a lo largo del muro militar". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 13 February 2022. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  182. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS atacan blancos de los soldados de ocupación en los sectores de Auserd, Um Dreiga y Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 14 February 2022. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  183. ^ "Unidades del ELPS lanzan ataques contra las fuerzas de ocupación en los sectores de Auserd, Mahbes, Hauza y Farsía". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 15 February 2022. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  184. ^ "El ELPS bombardea posiciones enemigas en el sector de Bagari". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 18 February 2022. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  185. ^ "ELPS realiza múltiples ataques a posiciones enemigas en Hauza, Mahbes y Bagari". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 19 February 2022. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  186. ^ "Fuerzas saharauis realizan ataques a posiciones enemigas en Hauza, Mahbes y Auserd". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 20 February 2022. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  187. ^ "Nuevos ataques del ELPS a posiciones enemigas a lo largo del muro militar marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 21 February 2022. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  188. ^ "El ejército saharaui lanza nuevos ataques contra las fuerzas de ocupación marroquí posicionadas en las regiones de Gararat Al-Firsik y Udei Um Rakba". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 22 February 2022. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  189. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS atacan las fuerzas enemigas en los sectores de Mahbes y Amgala". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 23 February 2022. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  190. ^ "Unidades del ELPS atacan las posiciones de fuerzas enemigas en los sectores de Bagari, Mahbes y Um Dreiga". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  191. ^ "Fuerzas saharauis lanzan ataques a posiciones enemigas en Mahbes y Bagari". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  192. ^ "Artillería saharaui bombardea posiciones defensivas de las fuerzas enemigas en Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  193. ^ "Nuevos ataques de la Artillería saharaui a posiciones defensivas de las fuerzas enemigas en Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  194. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS atacan las fuerzas enemigas atrincheradas en los sectores de Mahbes y Auserd". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  195. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS concentran sus ataques contra las fuerzas enemigas en las regiones de Udeim Um Rakba y Gararat Al-Firsik". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 1 March 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  196. ^ "El ELPS ataca varios blancos de las fuerzas de ocupación en los sectores de Mahbes y Atweizegui". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 2 March 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  197. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS atacan las posiciones de las fuerzas de ocupación en la región de Gararat Al-Firsik". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 3 March 2022. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  198. ^ "Nuevos ataques de la Artillería saharaui a posiciones defensivas de las fuerzas enemigas en Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 4 March 2022. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  199. ^ "Artillería saharaui bombardea posiciones defensivas de las fuerzas enemigas en Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 5 March 2022. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  200. ^ "La Artillería saharaui concentra sus ataques contra posiciones defensivas de las fuerzas enemigas en Mahbes y Tuizgui". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 6 March 2022. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  201. ^ "Fuerzas saharauis hostigan el enemigo en sectores de Hauza, Farsía y Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  202. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS atacan varios blancos de las fuerzas de ocupación a lo largo del Muro de la Vergüenza". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 8 March 2022. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  203. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS ejecutan nuevos ataques contra las fuerzas de ocupación en la región de Laagad, en Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 9 March 2022. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  204. ^ "Artillería saharaui bombardea posiciones defensivas de las fuerzas enemigas en Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 11 March 2022. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  205. ^ "Fuerzas saharauis continúan hostigando el enemigo en el sector de Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 12 March 2022. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  206. ^ "Nuevos ataques del ELPS a las fuerzas de ocupación a lo largo del muro militar marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 13 March 2022. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  207. ^ "Unidades del ELPS atacan varios blancos de las fuerzas de ocupación en los sectores de Farsía y Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 14 March 2022. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  208. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS hostigan las posiciones de los soldados enemigos en la región de Guerat Uld Blal, en Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 15 March 2022. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  209. ^ "El ELPS golpea las posiciones de las fuerzas de ocupación en los sectores de Farsía, Guelta y Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 16 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  210. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS lanzan ataques intensos y concentrados contra las posiciones de las fuerzas enemigas en las regiones de Rus Asabti y Udei Adamran". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  211. ^ "Balance Semanal: fuertes bombardeos del ELPS sacuden las fuerzas de ocupación a lo largo del muro militar marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 18 March 2022. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  212. ^ "Nuevos ataques del ELPS a las fuerzas de ocupación a lo largo del muro militar marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 19 March 2022. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  213. ^ "La artillería saharaui continúa bombardeando el sector de Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 20 March 2022. Archived from the original on 20 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  214. ^ "El ELPS continúa bombardeando las FAR a largo del muro militar marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 21 March 2022. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  215. ^ "El ELPS ataca varios blancos de las fueras de ocupación en el sector de Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 22 March 2022. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  216. ^ "Unidades del ELPS intensifican sus ataques contra las posiciones de las fuerzas enemigas en la región de Ajbeilat Albid". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 23 March 2022. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  217. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS lanzan intensos bombardeos contra las posiciones de las fuerzas enemigas en la región de Udei Um Rakba". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 24 March 2022. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  218. ^ "وحدات جيش التحرير الشعبي الصحراوي تستهدف تمركزات قوات الإحتلال بمنطقتي لعكد وأكويرة ولد أبلال". www.spsrasd.info (in Arabic). 25 March 2022. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  219. ^ "Fuertes bombardeos sacuden las fuerzas enemigas en Guelta y ELPS destruye un radar de una base enemiga en el sector de Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 26 March 2022. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  220. ^ "El ELPS ataca bases enemigas en los sectores de Mahbes, Farsía y Guelta". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 27 March 2022. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  221. ^ "El ELPS continúa su ofensiva contra los blancos enemigos a lo largo del Muro de la Vergüenza". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 28 March 2022. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  222. ^ "Unidades del ELPS realizan intensos y concentrados ataques a posiciones enemigas en zonas del sector de Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 2 April 2022. Archived from the original on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
  223. ^ "El ELPS continúa hostigando posiciones enemigas a lo largo del muro militar marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 3 April 2022. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  224. ^ "Nuevos ataques del ELPS a posiciones enemigas a lo largo del muro militar marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 4 April 2022. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  225. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS bombardean las posiciones de las fuerzas de ocupación en las regiones de Gararat Lahdid y Gararat Achadida". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 6 April 2022. Archived from the original on 6 April 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
  226. ^ "El ELPS lanza nuevos ataques contra los atrincheramientos de las fuerzas de ocupación marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 7 April 2022. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  227. ^ "501 días de bombardeos a posiciones enemigas a lo largo del muro militar marroquí". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 8 April 2022. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  228. ^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Algeria accuses Morocco of killing 3 in Western Sahara | DW | 12.04.2022". DW.COM. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  229. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS atacan las fuerzas de ocupación marroquí en los sectores de Güelta, Mahbes y Atweizegui". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 11 April 2022. Archived from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  230. ^ "Las unidades del ELPS concentran sus ataques contra los soldados enemigos en los sectores de Hauza y Mahbes". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 12 April 2022. Archived from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  231. ^ "Unidades del ELPS provocan enormes pérdidas en las filas enemigas en las regiones de Gararat Al-Firsik y Udei Adamran". www.spsrasd.info (in European Spanish). 13 April 2022. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  232. ^ "National Political Parties Welcome Morocco's Decision to Secure Guergarate Crossing". Maghreb Arabe Press. 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  233. ^ "Guergarate: Lower House Stresses Legitimacy of Morocco's Actions". Maghreb Arabe Press. 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  234. ^ "Morocco's King Says Determined to React Against Any Security Threat". Asharq Al-Awsat. 18 November 2020. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  235. ^ "Royal Armed Forces' Operation, 'Strategic Change' Putting End to Attempts to Block Guerguarat: El Othmani". Maghreb Arabe Press. 16 November 2020. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  236. ^ "Polisario Says Conflict to End when Morocco Ends 'Occupation'". Naharnet. 16 November 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  237. ^ "Los saharauis salen a las calles de El Aaiún ocupado y se enfrentan a las autoridades ocupantes". EcSaharaui (in Spanish). 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  238. ^ "Inhabitants of Laâyoune Fully Support Morocco's Decision To Act in Guergarate (Ould Errachid)". Maghreb Arabe Press. 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  239. ^ "España condena la colocación de una bandera del Frente Polisario en el consulado de Marruecos en Valencia". Nius Diario (in Spanish). 15 November 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  240. ^ "La represión se intensifica en el Sahara Occidental ocupado". EcSaharaui (in Spanish). 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  241. ^ "Shioukhs of Sahrawi Tribes Back Efforts to Restore Free Movement in Guergarate". Maghreb Arabe Press. 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  242. ^ "نادي الدراجين المغاربة ، والنادي الملكي للكرة الحديدية في زيارة لمعبر الكركرات : الثوابت الوطنية فوق كل اعتبار". Nabaa 24 (in Arabic). 3 January 2021. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  243. ^ Khaya, Opinion by Sultana Sidibrahim (29 July 2021). "Opinion: I've been raped, beaten and held under house arrest for fighting for my Sahrawi people". CNN. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  244. ^ "Morocco/Western Sahara: Further information: Sahrawi activist raped by Moroccan forces: Sultana Khaya". Amnesty International. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  245. ^ "Western Sahara: Harassment of Independence Activist". Human Rights Watch. 5 March 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  246. ^ "Sultana Khaya". Front Line Defenders. 5 February 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  247. ^ "Guterres 'remains committed' to maintaining 1991 ceasefire in Western Sahara". UN News. 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  248. ^ "Statement of the Chairperson of the African Union Commission, H.E. Mr. Moussa Faki Mahamat, on the tensions in the Guerguerat buffer zone". African Union. 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  249. ^ "مفوضية الإتحاد الإفريقي تعرب عن قلقها البالغ وتلح على تسوية القضية الصحراوية بإعتبارها قضية تصفية إستعمار" (in Arabic). 16 November 2020. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  250. ^ "Is the EU trying to mediate between Morocco and Algeria?". Yabiladi. 16 November 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  251. ^ "OIC Supports Morocco's Measures to Secure Freedom of Civil and Commercial Movement in Guerguerat". Saudi Press Agency. 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  252. ^ "The Gulf Cooperation Council supports Moroccos measures to ensure the smooth..." Al Khaleej. 15 November 2020. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  253. ^ "S/2020/1132" (PDF). United Nations Security Council.
  254. ^ "UNPO Statement on Western Sahara". 11 December 2020. Archived from the original on 14 December 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  255. ^ Mebtoul, Taha (4 December 2020). "Western Sahara: Azerbaijan Supports Morocco's Action in Guerguerat". Morocco World News. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  256. ^ "Bahrain expresses its solidarity with the Kingdom of Morocco against the attacks of the "Polisario" militias". Aluom. 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  257. ^ a b c "European voices join wave of support to Morocco's action against Polisario militias in Guerguerat". Northafricapost. 16 November 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  258. ^ "SAHARA- GUERGUARAT: LE PRÉSIDENT DE LA RDC APPORTE SON SOUTIEN AU MAROC". Agence Afrique. 27 November 2020. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  259. ^ "Tchad Diplomatie". Facebook (in French). Archived from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  260. ^ "Le Tchad condamne l'obstruction par les milices du "polisario" de la circulation des biens et des personnes à El Guerguarat". MSN. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  261. ^ a b c "El Guerguerate: Plusieurs pays africains soutiennent le Maroc". Yabiladi (in French). 15 November 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  262. ^ "Le Gouvernement de la République de Guinée Équatoriale a exprimé sa solidarité et appui au Gouvernement du Royaume du Maroc pour une initiative qu'il a qualifié de juste et légitime, conformément à la légalité internationale" (in French). MFAC. 15 November 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  263. ^ "Sécurisation d'El Guerguerate : Le Gabon soutient les initiatives marocaines". Gabonreview (in French). 16 November 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  264. ^ "Guergarate: large soutien africain à l'action du Maroc". Le Petit Journal Marocain (in French). 16 November 2020. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  265. ^ "Haïti – Diplomatie : Haïti prend position dans le conflit frontalier au Maroc". haitilibre.com (in French). 23 November 2020. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  266. ^ "الأردن يقف مع المغرب في حماية مصالحه ووحدة أراضيه وأمنه". Al Ghad (in Arabic). 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  267. ^ "دولة الكويت تؤيّد "الإجراءات" التي اتخذها المغرب في منطقة الكركرات". Euronews (in Arabic). 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  268. ^ "Liberia Voices Support for Morocco's Operation in Guerguerat". GNN Liberia. 21 November 2020. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  269. ^ "الإمارات وقطر تعلنان دعمهما لتدخل الجيش المغربي في الكركرات". Alyaoum24 (in Arabic). 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  270. ^ "السلطنة تعرب عن تأييدها للمملكة المغربية الشقيقة فيما اتخذته من إجراءات لحماية أمنها وسيادتها على أراضيها". Shabiba (in Arabic). 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  271. ^ "Saudi Arabia supports Morocco's measures to ensure freedom of traffic in Guerguerat". Union of OIC News Agencies. 15 November 2020. Archived from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  272. ^ "Le président sénégalais salue le "sens de la mesure et de la retenue" du Maroc pour maintenir la stabilité à El Guerguarat". Afrique24 (in French). 19 November 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  273. ^ "Sahara: Sierra Leone Affirms Support for Moroccan Autonomy Initiative". Maroc.ma. 30 August 2021. Archived from the original on 30 August 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  274. ^ Dag, Burak (15 November 2020). "W. Sahara: Turkey voices support for political solution". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  275. ^ "اليمن تؤيد الاجراءات المغربية لضمان عودة الحركة الطبيعية في منطقة معبر الكركرات" (in Arabic). Yemeni Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  276. ^ al-Abdalawi, Taj-Eddin (14 November 2020). "UAE backs Morocco over Western Sahara border zone". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  277. ^ "Guyana withdraws recognition of pseudo-SADR". The North Africa Post. 15 November 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  278. ^ "Palestine Ambassador to Algeria Attacks Morocco's Territorial Integrity". Morocco World News. 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  279. ^ "Tensions flare in Western Sahara as pro-independents Polisario accuse Morocco of ending ceasefire". France24. 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  280. ^ "Comment by the Information and Press Department on the developments in Western Sahara". Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  281. ^ "Spain calls for "responsibility and restraint" in Western Sahara". The Diplomat in Spain. 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  282. ^ "Fears Grow of New Western Sahara War Between Morocco and Polisario Front". US News. 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  283. ^ Aydemir, Mücahit (16 November 2020). "Algeria sends 60 tons of aid to West Sahara refugees". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  284. ^ "ÚLTIMA HORA | El Vicepresidente de España, Pablo Iglesias pide la celebración de un referéndum en el Sáhara Occidental". EcSaharaui (in Spanish). 15 November 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  285. ^ "Reafirma Cuba apoyo a solución en Sahara Occidental". Prensa Latina (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  286. ^ Cancillería Venezuela [@CancilleriaVE] (14 December 2020). "Venezuela reiterates solidarity with the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and demands compliance with UN resolutions" (Tweet). Retrieved 19 April 2021 – via Twitter.
  287. ^ "España condena el intento de colocar la bandera saharaui en el consulado marroquí de Valencia". El Español (in Spanish). 15 November 2020. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  288. ^ "El Gobierno condena el "intento" de colocar la bandera saharaui en el consulado de Marruecos en Valencia". Okdiario (in Spanish). 15 November 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  289. ^ "Manifestantes saharauis colocan la bandera del Frente Polisario en el Consulado de Marruecos en Valencia". Vozpópuli (in Spanish). 15 November 2020. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  290. ^ "Morocco Condemns in the Strongest Terms Acts of Vandalism and Violence against its Consulate in Valencia". Maghreb Arabe Press. 15 November 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020–present)&oldid=1125783302"